基于视频数据的城市隧道交通运行特征与安全研究

为降低城市隧道交通事故率,提高车辆出行安全,以上海市翔殷路跨江隧道为研究对象,利用视频采集技术、车辆跟踪调查采集隧道交通运行数据,分析城市隧道交通运行特征及驾驶员在隧道内驾驶行为特征,并进一步研究其与隧道交通事故的关系。对隧道内车辆的速度、密度分布,变道行为进行分析,发现隧道南线入口处内外断面平均车速的显著差异可以解释该处追尾事故高发,隧道内车辆频繁变换车道导致隧道侧碰事故占较大比例。为改善城市隧道交通安全,在隧道内进行限速和限制车辆变道是必要的。     

宜昌市机动车行驶工况研究

利用GPS车载测试系统对宜昌市轻型客车、轻型卡车、重型卡车和公交车等车型机动车行驶工况分别进行测试。基于测试结果,采用特征参数法合成了宜昌市机动车分车型行驶工况,分析了其特征并与欧美标准工况和5个不同规模城市的机动车行驶工况进行了对比。结果表明：宜昌市机动车行驶平均速度高于ECE15工况,低于FTP-75工况;怠速比例...     

煤层注水除尘技术在综掘工作面中的应用

煤巷综掘工作面生产过程中产生大量的煤尘,采掘工作面煤层进人断层和褶皱发育的地带,倾角较大的和厚度大的矿层,其产尘量一般比较大,严重影响煤矿的安全高效生产。为了保障矿井工作人员的身体健康,使作业场所粉尘浓度达到国家规定的要求,实现安全生产,以煤巷综掘工作面为试验研究对象,对煤层注水除尘技术进行了探讨,详细的叙述了其注水工艺,对比了注水前后的粉尘浓度的参数的变化,进行注水工作之后,浮尘达到稳定状态的距离提前了10m左右,煤体含水率随注水钻孔的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,对今后的煤层注水除尘工作提供了指导。     

三峡库区土地自然坡度和高程对经济发展的影响

坡度和高程是土地资源固有的二个重要环境因子 ,对土地利用和土地生产力有直接作用。在山区 ,坡度和高程基本上决定了土地利用方向和利用方式 ,从而影响到经济效益和发展潜力。三峡库区面积 6 2 6 4 0km2 ,为丘陵、低中山区 ,山高坡陡。按坡度和高程对农业生产的影响程度进行分级 :0～ 7°、7～ 15°、15～ 2 5°、>2 5° ;80 0m以下 ,80 0m以上。在编制的 1:10万土地自然坡度和高程分级图及土地利用图的基础上获取各坡度、高程级及其土地利用类型和数据。 4个坡度级土地面积随坡度的增加而加大 ,随海拔的增高而减小。耕地大部分集中在 80 0m以下 7～ 15°和 15～ 2 5°的坡度上 ,优质耕地少 ,中、低产地多 ,并存在大量的陡坡耕地。森林大多分布在 80 0m以上 >2 5°陡坡上。根据对 1980～ 1996年库区主要县、市农业年产值与自然坡度和高程的定量分析比较 ,可以看出它们之间存在着明显的反比例关系。综合提高库区土地生产力 ,必须遵循“有所为 ,有所不为”原则 ,进行农业结构调整 ,不片面强调增加粮食产量而盲目扩大耕地面积 ,大力改造 15～ 2 5°的中、低产地 ,有计划、按步骤并在尊重农民意愿的基础上进行退陡坡旱地还林 (草 ) ,改善生态环境。     

山东半岛北部海岸带城乡聚落扩展变化特征与驱动力分析

改革开放以来,山东半岛北部海岸带地区经济发展迅速,城乡聚落扩展明显,快速城镇化过程对区域土地利用和生态环境产生了深刻影响,因此,及时掌握城乡聚落的时空分布和变化特征对于区域可持续发展具有重要意义。论文以RS技术为主要手段,目视解译获取了研究区1986、1992和2004年3个典型时期的城乡聚落空间分布信息,并以此为基础,借助城镇扩展指数、重心、分形维数等指标,定量分析了城乡聚落的扩展特征,进一步探讨了扩展变化的影响因素。结果表明,研究时段内,城乡聚落扩展明显,其重心表现出从东南向西北转移的态势,并且扩展随意性非常大。在此基础上,进一步探讨了地区GDP、人口城市化率和固定资产投资等社会经济因素对城乡聚落扩展的影响。     

城市高速发展对徐州地下水环境演化的驱动作用

20世纪70年代后期,徐州市进入城市高速发展时期,生产生活用水量逐年增大,地下水常年处于超采状态,地下水环境演化趋势偏离正常轨道,局部呈现恶化的态势,主要表现在地下水动力场演化、地下水化学场演化和地质灾害负环境效应三方面。徐州市地下水环境演化轨迹和城市高速发展的相关分析结果和拟合函数表明,城市高速发展对地下水环境的演化具有明显的线性驱动作用。本文详细分析了这种驱动作用并提出了城市与地下水环境和谐可持续发展的对策。     

Prevalence and trends of distracted driving in Canada

Introduction: This study evaluates prevalence and trends in distracted driving in Canada based on multiple indicators collected from the Road Safety Monitor (RSM) and Canada’s National Fatality Database maintained by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation (TIRF). Method: Data from the RSM on self-reported distracted driving behaviors were analyzed using multivariate techniques including logistic regression analysis in various years spanning from 2004 to 2019. Data from TIRF’s National Fatality Database from 2000 to 2016 were also analyzed using piecewise regression analysis to evaluate trends and prevalence of driver distraction. Results: Significantly more Canadians reported talking on their phone hands-free or handheld phone while driving in 2019 compared to 2010. There was a 102% increase in the percentage that reported texting while driving in 2019 (9.7%) compared to 2010 (4.8%). For every 10-year increase in age, drivers were 44% less likely to text, 38% less likely to use a handheld phone, and 28% less likely to use a hands-free phone. Males were 62% more likely to use a handheld phone and 50% more likely to use a hands-free phone than females. Findings related to drivers’ perceived danger of distracted driving and attitudes are also presented. Although the number of distraction-related fatalities has not increased substantially from 2000 to 2016, the percentage of all fatalities where distraction was a contributing factor has increased. Unlike drinking drivers, distracted drivers more often kill other road users in crashes than kill themselves. Conclusions: In conclusion, while most Canadians appear to understand that one of the high-risk forms of distracted driving (i.e., texting while driving) is indeed dangerous, there is a minority who are unaware of, or resistant to, this fact. Practical Applications: Enforcement activities and education initiatives to combat distracted driving ought to be tailored to the target audience based on the patterns uncovered.     

考虑采空区压实效应的沿空掘巷煤柱设计方法研究*

为建立1种相对科学的沿空掘巷煤柱尺寸设计方法,采用理论与数值试验研究、现场试验等手段,基于采空区压实效应,分析各尺寸煤柱沿空掘巷掘采全过程围岩应力分布与变形。研究结果表明:采空区压实效应模拟研究方法能够模拟采空区应力恢复;掘巷过程中,煤柱内应力由小到大依次为:工作面倾向水平应力、工作面推进方向水平应力、垂直应力,在小尺寸煤柱内呈偏向采空区一侧的单峰分布,小尺寸煤柱逐渐向大尺寸煤柱过渡期间,内部应力量值开始比原岩应力小,随后逐渐增加至出现一定的应力集中,而实体煤帮中峰值应力不断降低,位置逐步向巷帮转移;受超前采动作用后,更大面积的煤柱会受高应力作用,大尺寸煤柱内垂直及水平应力集中系数逐步提高,工作面倾向的高应力区范围更广,当煤柱宽度不超过一定数值时,内部应力大小均低于掘巷过程中相应数值,大煤柱则具有相反的规律,实体煤帮中应力集中系数与掘巷时相比更大,峰值点向围岩深处进一步转移;研究结果通过工程实践检验,可为合理煤柱尺寸设计提供1种新的方法。     

California's graduated driver license law: Effect on teenage drivers' deaths through 2005

PROBLEM: While many researchers believe Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) laws save lives by imposing restrictions and delayed licensure on drivers under age 18, longer term effects on older teenagers have not been studied. METHOD: The effects of California's strict GDL law on deaths of drivers ages 16-19 were analyzed for 1995-2005 using Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series analysis of Fatality Analysis Reporting System mortality data. RESULTS: The two methods yielded similar results. IRR analysis found California 16-year-old drivers subject to the GDL experienced a 15% fatality decline (95% CI, 0.70-0.99), while 18 year-old drivers experienced a 15% increase (95% CI, 1.02-1.27). ARIMA analysis found 16 year-old drivers experienced a near-significant 20% fatality decline (p=0.07), while 18 year-olds experienced a 24% increase (p=0.01). Unlicensed teenage drivers and older teen drivers driving alone and transporting teenage passengers suffered significant fatality increases. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION: California's GDL may negatively affect older teenagers and other driver subpopulations and merits reevaluation.     

How environmental management driving forces affect environmental and economic performance of SMEs: a study in the Northern China district

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) form the core of societal and economic development. However, most people query on the implementation and performance of environmental management. In this paper, the manufacturing SMEs in Northern China with different pollution levels are studied to explore the main forces (e.g., government, society, market, and enterprise itself) driving SMEs for promoting environmental management. It focuses on the correlation between environmental management and economic performance for SMEs at different pollution levels. The results show that SMEs of different pollution levels have significant differences in the relationship of driving forces and performance. First, for SMEs with high-pollution levels, social and market driving forces and government incentives are revealed having a significant effect on their environmental performance. Driving forces from within the enterprise itself and the market provide a positive effect on the economic performance, while social forces have a negative effect. Second, for SMEs with light pollution, social and market driving forces, and government assistance play a supporting role on corporate environmental performance improvement. It is also found that the driving force of the enterprise itself does not have a significant effect on the environmental performance for SMEs with different pollution levels. In addition, the environmental performance and economic performance for SMEs with high or light-pollution levels are positively correlated. Further, it shows that the environmental performance is moderately correlated with financial indices, but not significantly with the non-financial indices.