Spatial relationships between alcohol outlet densities and drunk driving crashes: An empirical study of Tianjin in China

Introduction: Numerous studies have demonstrated the close relationship between alcohol availability and alcohol-related crashes. However, there is still a lack of spatial empirical analysis regarding this relationship, particularly in large cities of developing countries. Differences in alcohol outlets and drinking patterns in these cities may lead to quite different patterns of crash outcomes. Method: 3356 alcohol-related crashes were collected from the blood-alcohol test report of a forensic institution in Tianjin, China. Density of alcohol outlets such as retail locations, entertainment venues, restaurants, hotels, and companies were extracted based on 2114 Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ) together with the residential and demographic characteristics. After applying the exploratory spatial data analysis, this research developed and compared the traditional Ordinary Least Square model (OLS), Spatial Lag Model (SLM), Spatial Error Model (SEM) and Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to explore spatial effects of all the variables. Results: The results of incremental spatial autocorrelation show that the most significant distance threshold of alcohol-related roadway traffic crashes is 3 km. The SDM is found to be the optimal spatial model to characterize the relationship between alcohol outlets and crashes. The number of alcohol-involved traffic crashes is positively related to population density and retail density, but negatively related to the company density, hotel density, and residential density within the same TAZ. Meanwhile, dense population and hotels have reverse spillover effects in adjacent zones. Conclusions: The significant spatial direct effect and spillover effect of alcohol outlet densities on drunk driving crashes should not be neglected. These findings could help improve transportation planning, traffic law enforcement and traffic management for large cities in developing countries.     

宁夏消防应急救援工作形势、现状及应对策略

随着宁夏经济社会发展,消防部队作为政府领导下的一支综合性应急救援队伍,面对安全需求激增、救援任务多元化、复杂化等新形势,还存在着人员不足、素质不高、装备落后、教育训练模式滞后和缺乏高效社会联动救援机制等问题,消防应急救援整体水平亟待提高。通过深入分析消防应急救援工作形势及现状,从改革执勤战备、加强救援力量建设、创新训练方式、优化装备结构、加强信息化建设和救援机制建设等方面,提出了一系列提高消防应急救援工作水平的思路和措施。     

土地石漠化的生态地质环境背景及其驱动机制--以贵州省喀斯特山区为例

在分析贵州省喀斯特山区的土地石漠化的生态地质环境背景基础上 ,探讨了土地石漠化内、外动力驱动机制。认为地质构造运动塑造了陡峻而破碎的喀斯特地貌景观 ,由此产生的较大地表切割度和地形坡度 ,为水土流失提供了动力潜能 ;古环境演化为喀斯特石漠化提供了广泛分布的碳酸盐物质。温暖潮湿的季风气候为喀斯特地貌的强烈发育提供了必要的溶蚀条件 ,超载的社会经济压力则是导致喀斯特山区土地石漠化最重要的驱动力。     

遥感法用于车辆实际道路行驶污染状况评估

为了评估满足不同排放标准的在用车在实际道路行驶条件下的污染状况,以2013年3-11月间在北京市朝阳区收集的16.5×104组在用汽油车排放遥感测试大数据为基础,对北京市的在用车实际道路排放水平进行分析和评价.结果表明:新车排放标准升级明显降低了在用车的CO、HC和NO平均排放浓度.从国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ到国Ⅲ以及从国Ⅲ到国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ,每次标准升级使得在用车的CO排放浓度平均降低12%~15%,HC和NO排放浓度分别降低13%和40%左右.与2003年相比,北京市2013年机动车CO、HC和NO排放的平均浓度分别下降了52.1%、82.1%和65.3%,排放标准升级带来的减排效果十分明显.未来排放标准升级过程中应当强化对在用车实际驾驶过程排放的监管,同时积极引导老旧车辆的淘汰更新,加大对排放造假行为的执法和处罚力度.      

基于遥感和GIS的新疆耕地变化及驱动力分析

为了研究新疆耕地变化趋势及其驱动力,利用1990、2000年TM影像及2005、2008年中巴遥感影像及其4期土地利用数据库和野外调查数据,应用遥感和GIS技术,对新疆近20年来耕地数量变化及区域差异进行分析,探讨了影响耕地动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明,近20年来新疆耕地总量一直在增长,但其年均净增速度呈先增后减的趋势,2000—2005年间达到峰值,耕地的动态变化主要是耕地与草地间的相互转化,中东、西北边缘地带的耕地面积相对变化较大。此外,影响新疆耕地开发的主要因素是人口增长和水土资源的限制,同时政策因素也具有一定的调控作用,但随着农业科技的进步,水、土资源对耕地开发的限制作用在逐渐减弱;影响耕地流失的主要因素由自然撂荒和建设占用逐渐转向人为弃耕和生态退耕,经济因素和政策因素成为耕地流失的主要驱动力,自然因素的影响在变小。     

The effectiveness of reducing illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for driving: evidence for lowering the limit to .05 BAC

PURPOSE: This scientific review provides a summary of the evidence regarding the benefits of reducing the illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving and providing a case for enacting a .05 BAC limit. RESULTS: Fourteen independent studies in the United States indicate that lowering the illegal BAC limit from .10 to .08 has resulted in 5-16% reductions in alcohol-related crashes, fatalities, or injuries. However, the illegal limit is .05 BAC in numerous countries around the world. Several studies indicate that lowering the illegal per se limit from .08 to .05 BAC also reduces alcohol-related fatalities. Laboratory studies indicate that impairment in critical driving functions begins at low BACs and that most subjects are significantly impaired at .05 BAC. The relative risk of being involved in a fatal crash as a driver is 4 to 10 times greater for drivers with BACs between .05 and .07 compared to drivers with .00 BACs. SUMMARY: There is strong evidence in the literature that lowering the BAC limit from .10 to .08 is effective, that lowering the BAC limit from .08 to .05 is effective, and that lowering the BAC limit for youth to .02 or lower is effective. These law changes serve as a general deterrent to drinking and driving and ultimately save lives. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This critical review supports the adoption of lower illegal BAC limits for driving.     

丹江口水库水体氮的时空分布及入库通量

为解析丹江口水库水体氮的时空分布特征及主要污染来源,以丹江口库区及主要入库河流为研究对象,分析了水体氮的空间分布、季节及年际变化;利用回归分析,解析了氮污染驱动因素;并估算了入库河流氮通量及对库区氮污染负荷的贡献率. 结果表明:研究区水体ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)分别在0.07~16.73和0.01~10.65 mg/L之间,年均值分别为2.34和0.71 mg/L,空间分布呈入库河流高于库区的趋势;季节特征表现为春季、冬季>秋季>夏季. 2005—2014年库区水体ρ(TN)整体呈先升后降的趋势,其中取水口陶岔断面ρ(TN)上升较快,2012年较2007年增加了1.5倍,2013年开始ρ(TN)有所下降,但仍然维持在较高水平. 近10年来库区水体ρ(NH₄+-N)始终维持在较低水平. 神定河、犟河、泗河、剑河等环库支流河口氮污染最严重,城镇化是造成流域水体氮污染的主要驱动力. 汉江TN入库量贡献最大,占63.0%,其中境外来水TN入库量占总量的59.2%,为达到丹江口水库生态环境保护要求的Ⅲ类水质(GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》)目标,汉江TN需削减量为16 715.0 t/a. 境内河流中,环库河流的TN入库量最大,其中泗河、老灌河、神定河、金钱河、犟河和天河等TN入库量较大,TN需削减量分别为 2 286.7、2 197.7、1 493.6、1 106.9、979.1和728.9 t/a.      

东北三省农业碳排放效率时空演化特征及驱动因素分析

在经济社会低碳转型变革中,农业作为三大支柱产业之一,其碳排放效率是判断农业可持续发展的重要指标。本研究采用考虑非期望产出的全局SBM模型测算东北三省36个城市在2010—2019年的农业碳排放效率,并运用空间聚类分析和地理探测器探究其空间分异特征及驱动因素,旨在为推动东北地区实现农业高质量发展提供启示。研究结果显示：① 2010—2019年东北三省农业净碳汇总量和农业碳排放效率整体呈上升趋势,从城市尺度出发计算得到效率平均值由0.540提高至0.743;其中吉林省净碳汇增量及效率在研究期内均居于首位,黑龙江省和辽宁省分别具有“高排高汇”和“低排低汇”特征,研究期内各省效率值均有提高。②空间上东北三省农业碳排放效率呈现出“区块状”分布特征,空间聚集程度逐渐增强。③从整体尺度看,将东北地区整体农业碳排放效率作为样本,农业机械率成为研究期内决定力均值最高的驱动因子,但其作用强度逐渐削弱;通过观察不同时期关键交互因子发现,社会因素作用强度逐渐增强。从区域尺度看,农业机械率是影响黑龙江省、辽宁省农业碳排放效率空间分异格局的主导驱动因子,吉林省农业碳排放效率空间分异格局的主导驱动因子是农产品规模和城镇化率;而农业机械率与农业产业结构经过空间叠加后形成的交互因子,对三个省份农业碳排放效率空间分异格局都起到决定性作用。     

Difficulties in emotion regulation and risky driving among Lithuanian drivers

Background: Risky driving is a common cause of traffic accidents and injuries. However, there is no clear evidence of how difficulties in emotion regulation contribute to risky driving behavior, particularly in small post-Soviet countries. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and self-reported risky driving behavior in a sample of Lithuanian drivers.

Methods: A total of 246 nonprofessional Lithuanian drivers participated in a cross-sectional survey. Difficulties in emotion regulation were assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer 2004), and risky driving behavior was assessed using the Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ; Lajunen et al. 2004).

Results: Males scored higher than females in aggressive violations and ordinary violations. Females scored higher for the nonacceptance of emotional responses, whereas males had more difficulties with emotional awareness than females. More difficulties in emotion regulation were positively correlated with driving errors, lapses, aggressive violations, and ordinary violations for both males and females. Structural equation modeling showed that difficulties in emotion regulation explained aggressive and ordinary violations more clearly than lapses and errors. When controlling for interactions among the distinct regulation difficulties, difficulties with impulse control and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior predicted risky driving. Furthermore, nonacceptance of emotional responses and limited access to emotion regulation strategies were related to less violations and more driving errors.

Conclusion: Emotion regulation difficulties were associated with the self-reported risky driving behaviors of Lithuanian drivers. This provides useful hints for improving driver training programs in order to prevent traffic injuries.     

煤巷水力压挤防治瓦斯煤尘技术试验研究

为解决掘进煤巷瓦斯突出、积聚和粉尘污染等问题,结合祁东煤矿的煤层开采条件,研究水力压挤技术,探讨水力压挤防治瓦斯煤尘机理,试验确定钻孔布置、封孔深度、注水压力、注水量与注水时间等工艺参数。研究结果表明:水力压挤可使试验工作面卸压带增宽0.7m左右,挤出近20%的煤层原始瓦斯,最高降尘率达78.7%;该技术对防治瓦斯突出、超限和煤尘污染有显著效果。试验研究取得的相关水力压挤工艺技术参数,为类似煤层条件技术实施提供了工作基础。