云南省罗平县土地利用变化及驱动力研究

土地利用问题是实现生态脆弱区环境-经济协调发展的关键所在。选取喀斯特地区的罗平县作为研究对象，将遥感、GIS和多元统计技术结合运用于土地利用变化研究中，对罗平县1990～2001年的土地利用变化情况及驱动力进行了研究。结果表明，罗平县耕地逐年减少；影响耕地变化的主要驱动因子包括人口、经济和社会投资。     

基于计划行为理论的侵犯驾驶行为研究

从社会心理学的角度,通过问卷调查的方式,对驾驶员侵犯驾驶行为的产生动机进行分析;基于计划行为理论,研究构建了能揭示驾驶态度与行为关系的理论模型,并得出驾驶员对侵犯驾驶行为的态度、主观标准、知觉行为可控性等心理因素,通过行为意向的中介作用,对驾驶员实施侵犯驾驶行为具有预测作用的结论。同时,提出了从态度改变、建立社会支持体系、提高驾驶员的自我能力评估等方面入手对驾驶员侵犯驾驶行为进行矫正的策略。     

基于遥感和GIS的新疆耕地变化及驱动力分析

为了研究新疆耕地变化趋势及其驱动力,利用1990、2000年TM影像及2005、2008年中巴遥感影像及其4期土地利用数据库和野外调查数据,应用遥感和GIS技术,对新疆近20年来耕地数量变化及区域差异进行分析,探讨了影响耕地动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明,近20年来新疆耕地总量一直在增长,但其年均净增速度呈先增后减的趋势,2000—2005年间达到峰值,耕地的动态变化主要是耕地与草地间的相互转化,中东、西北边缘地带的耕地面积相对变化较大。此外,影响新疆耕地开发的主要因素是人口增长和水土资源的限制,同时政策因素也具有一定的调控作用,但随着农业科技的进步,水、土资源对耕地开发的限制作用在逐渐减弱;影响耕地流失的主要因素由自然撂荒和建设占用逐渐转向人为弃耕和生态退耕,经济因素和政策因素成为耕地流失的主要驱动力,自然因素的影响在变小。     

加速度场中六维力传感器研制

针对加速度场中惯性效应对六维力测量的影响,提出一体化平面结构的六维力传感器设计思想,从传感器结构设计、标定方法等方面进行了详细介绍,为解决多维加速度场中六维力的测量问题和综合离心试验所需多维力传感器设计提供理论与方法指导。     

近30年秦岭山地商洛段林地类型时空变化及其驱动力

在遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下,以商洛地区1978年多波段扫描仪(MSS)和1990、2000、2006年专题制图仪(TM)四期遥感影像为基础,利用ERDAS软件的监督分类与GIS的空间分析功能,提取了商洛地区各类型林地的动态变化信息,研究分析了近30年来商洛地区各种类型林地的时空变化特征.结果表明:林地的总面积由12584.55km2增加到14479.44km2;针叶林、灌丛面积增加,而针阔混交林、阔叶林的面积减少,低海拔地区较高海拔地区变化剧烈.林地破碎化程度严重,且内部结构发生了根本性的变化,大多数阔叶林被灌丛取代.区域社会经济财力、农民收入及适耕地的多少是林地类型变化的主要驱动力.     

基于工况的城市机动车排放模型DCMEM的开发

基于我国5个城市实际道路车载测试数据,引入比功率（VSP）和发动机负荷（ES）作为反映机动车行驶状况的特征参数,建立轻型车基于VSP和ES的60个排放单元BIN的排放率数据库,开发了基于工况的城市机动车排放模型（DCMEM）,该模型能够计算城市或任一工况下轻型车不同车型的CO、NO_xp>和HC排放因子.DCMEM模型计算值与上路测试结果相比,CO与NO_xp>偏差<10%,HC<18%.     

武汉市1987—2009年城市发展及其驱动力分析

城市发展导致土地资源不合理利用和环境破坏,促使人们对城市发展模式及动力进行分析和研究。运用遥感监测手段,选用长时间序列的Landsat遥感数据,提取了武汉市1987—2009年土地利用数据,通过对比分析居住用地的分布特征和面积,并结合其他土地利用变化数据,完成了武汉市22年来城市发展过程中居住用地特征的对比和分析;另外选取人口、经济、流动人口、城市轨道交通规划和城市圈规划5个因素,完成了武汉市城市发展驱动力分析。结果表明:在城市发展初期人口作为城市发展的主要驱动力,中期城市经济增长为主要因素,后期则是政府规划和引导决定了城市发展的速度和方向。     

Individual difference factors in risky driving among older adults

INTRODUCTION: Motor-vehicle crashes kill roughly 4,500 American adults over the age of 75 annually. Among younger adults, one behavioral factor consistently linked to risky driving is personality, but this predictor has been overshadowed by research on cognitive, perceptual, and motor processes among older drivers. METHOD: In this study, a sample of 101 licensed drivers, all age 75 and over, were recruited to complete self-report measures on personality, temperament, and driving history. Participants also completed a virtual environment (VE) course designed to assess risk-taking driving behavior. State records of motor-vehicle crashes were collected. RESULTS: Results suggest both a sensation-seeking personality and an undercontrolled temperament are related to risky driving among older adults. Sensation-seeking was particularly related to history of violations and tickets, while temperamental control was more broadly related to a number of risky driving measures. Methodological and crash prevention issues are discussed.     

Policing the drunk driver: measuring law enforcement involvement in reducing alcohol-impaired driving

INTRODUCTION: With many thousands of deaths still annually attributable to driving under the influence (DUI), it remains imperative that we continually address the problem of producing and sustaining effective countermeasures, and that we subject these efforts to empirical scrutiny. This article presents relevant findings from state-wide datasets. RESULTS: A formula generating a potentially useful metric for assessing aspects of the DUI prosecutorial chain is presented, focusing on the rate of proactive DUI arrests. While in need of cautious interpretation due to issues of inherent inaccuracies in large databases, small numbers of crashes and/or arrests in multiple jurisdictions, and the lack of replication in other states, the analyses show no relationship between the level of DUI arrest activity and DUI-related crashes. This finding brings into question the efficacy of the many millions of dollars devoted each year to targeted DUI enforcement, as it is currently being implemented. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed in terms of developing adequate disincentives to DUI so as to raise general deterrence via dramatic increases in proactive DUI enforcement and then engaging in pervasive and persistent social marketing of such efforts to maximize the perception that arrest and punishment for DUI is always imminent, that penalties will be swift, certain, and severe. It is echoed that accurate data need to be collected at all levels of the DUI arrest and prosecution process in every jurisdiction within a state, so as to facilitate the empirical assessment of countermeasure efficacy in reducing alcohol-related crashes. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Given that this work needs to be replicated, the impact on the traffic safety industry is potentially huge. The present data indicate that law enforcement efforts to further abate DUI-related crashes are apparently ineffective, though likely necessary to maintain reductions achieved in the 80s and early 90s. Thus, to attain additional systematic reductions, a dramatic increase in enforcement will be necessary as will a diversification of abatement efforts, including an increase in aggressive social marketing tactics to positively impact our traffic safety culture by making DUI universally unacceptable (for a discussion of this latter issue and on the use of positive reinforcement to change driver behavior, see Dula & Geller, 2007).     

沿海地区土地利用格局变化对近岸海域环境的影响研究——以滨海新区为例

以天津市滨海新区为例,利用遥感影像分析其1984年-2008年间土地利用变化,并讨论其驱动力及对渤海湾的影响.结果表明:从1984年-2012年间,盐地减少342.95 km2,建设用地的面积增加1 105.04 km2.发生这种转变的驱动力主要是人口增加、经济发展和土地政策调整.土地利用类型的转变导致人为活动方式发生改变,工业迅速发展,最终导致渤海湾沉积物中营养盐含量和重金属含量增加.