埋地管道泄漏自适应封堵机器人设计及研究

为解决管道在长期使用中出现的破损、杂质增多及因介质腐蚀和冲蚀产生不规则障碍物等一系列问题,采用模块化设计方法,提出1种驱动性能好、可靠性强的多体分布式自适应管道封堵修复机器人.通过建立机器人越障模型,研究驱动轮和支撑轮运行时的越障方程;在ADAMS软件中建立驱动单元模型,对其运行速度、驱动力、越障高度进行仿真分析;建立...     

重点企业清洁生产推进的驱动因素分析

构建了清洁生产驱动力模型,提出重点企业清洁生产推进的定量化分析指标,采用回归方法分析了经济发展水平、污染压力和外部条件对重点企业清洁生产推进的影响.结果表明:以重点企业审核率为指标反映重点企业清洁生产的推进情况更合适和准确.我国重点企业清洁生产在经济发展水平、污染压力和外部条件等方面共同作用下逐步推进,现阶段则更多地依靠经济发展和污染压力外部驱动力推进,这种驱动模式的速度较慢.要快速推进重点企业清洁生产,需加强和激发企业内部条件的推动作用.      

The Illinois .08 law. An evaluation

Lowering state blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits to 0.08, though controversial, has been supported by most evaluation studies to date. The Illinois .08 BAC law implemented in 1997 provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the effect of the law without the simultaneous passage of an administrative license revocation (ALR) law, which has clouded some previous evaluations of the .08 laws. The proportion of all drinking drivers in fatal crashes was compared before versus after implementing the .08 law using time-series analysis to evaluate 12 years of fatal crash data for Illinois and five bordering states. The results showed that the proportion of drinking drivers in fatal crashes decreased by 14% in Illinois and increased by 3% in bordering states. The proportion of drinking drivers in fatal crashes in Illinois, though increasing since 1995, was sharply reduced after passage of the .08 law in 1997, saving more than 100 lives in 1998 and 1999 than it would have without the .08 law.     

Forfeiture programs in California: why so few?

PROBLEM: It is estimated that at least 75% of suspended or revoked drivers continue to drive illegally. In states like California, there are also a substantial and growing number of people who drive without ever having been licensed. Some states, such as Ohio and California, have enacted vehicle impoundment and forfeiture programs as sanctions to reduce these offenses. Published evaluations indicate that vehicle impoundment laws reduce recidivism and crash rates. However, vehicle forfeiture programs have been less successful, mostly because of low levels of enforcement. METHOD: Police officers and district attorneys from 17 jurisdictions were interviewed by phone or in person to determine current enforcement levels and impediments to more aggressive application of statutory authority. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The survey found that most California jurisdictions are enforcing vehicle impoundments for first-time offenders. However, very few jurisdictions were enforcing the vehicle forfeiture law for repeat offenders. Among the reasons for not enforcing the vehicle forfeiture law was a perception that it was too time-consuming and/or not a priority among prosecutors. However, a number of authorities indicated that the simple vehicle impoundment procedure is often functionally equivalent to forfeiture because many drivers fail to retrieve the vehicle at the end of the impoundment period. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Vehicle impoundment programs are effective mechanisms in deterring illicit driving, and states should be encouraged to initiate vehicle impoundment laws. States could achieve even greater safety benefits if vehicle forfeiture sanctions were extensively used for repeat offenders. However, based on California's experience, the incremental benefits of vehicle forfeiture (over vehicle impoundment) may not be very great.     

Using a driving simulator to identify older drivers at inflated risk of motor vehicle crashes

PROBLEM: To develop appropriate assessment criteria to measure the performance of older drivers using an interactive PC-based driving simulator, and to determine which measures were associated with the occurrence of motor-vehicle crash. METHOD: One hundred and twenty-nine older drivers residing in a metropolitan city volunteered to participate in this retrospective cohort study. Using the driving simulator, appropriate driving tasks were devised to test the older drivers, whose performances were assessed by 10 reliable assessment criteria. Logistic regression analysis was then undertaken to determine those criteria that influence the self-reported crash outcome. RESULTS: As expected, driving skill of older drivers was found to decline with age. Over 60% of the sample participants reported having at least one motor-vehicle crash during the past year. Adjusting for age in a logistic regression analysis, the cognitive abilities associated with the crash occurrence were working memory, decision making under pressure of time, and confidence in driving at high speed. SUMMARY: The findings of this retrospective study indicated those individuals at inflated risk of vehicle crashes could be identified using the PC-based interactive driving simulator. Prospective studies need to be undertaken to determine whether the driving simulator can predict future crash events. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study demonstrated an economical driving simulator approach to screen out problematic or unsafe older drivers before a more detailed but expensive road test is considered.     

山岳型旅游地旅游城镇化动力机制研究——以九华山为例

旅游城镇化是指发展旅游业的地区为了给旅游者提供交通、游览、食宿、娱乐、购物等一系列服务，使生产、提供这些商品和服务的行业与居民大量在此聚集，逐渐形成具有明显职能特色的城镇的过程。分析旅游城镇化现象产生的动力机制是旅游城镇化研究的重要内容。在实地调研的基础上，以九华山为例，分析了山岳型旅游地旅游城镇化现象产生和发展的内外多维动力系统，并结合九华山独特的佛教旅游地特征，有针对性地分析了九华山旅游城镇化发展的特点。     

不同城市化速度地区建设用地演变驱动力比较研究

以深圳和武汉为例,选择与建设用地相关性大的10项社会经济指标,采用简单的逐步回归方法对城市化速度存在较大差异的2个城市建设用地演变驱动力进行了比较分析,对2个城市驱动力的共性和差异给出了合理解释,可增强对城市化过程中建设用地演变机理的动态理解,为抑制建设用地的过快增长提供参考。     

浮游微型真核生物群落对电厂温排水增温的响应

浮游微型真核生物作为初级生产者,细菌捕食者和较大型生物寄生者,在维持生态系统稳定中起核心作用.因此,研究浮游微型真核生物对温排水增温的响应对评价近年来大量电厂兴建的环境效应具有重要意义.沿象山港乌沙山电厂温排水水流采集表层水样,利用Illumina技术测定18S r DNA基因研究浮游微型真核生物群落组成.真核浮游生物的主要组成为囊泡虫门(Protalveolata)、纤毛亚门(Ciliophora)、甲藻门(Dinoflagellata)和丝足虫类(Cercozoa).多元回归树分析发现浮游微型真核生物多样性主要受溶解氧、硝态氮和温度的控制.温排水造成的增温梯度显著地改变了浮游微型真核生物的群落组成(Global RANOSIM=0.422,P0.001);反向选择筛选到空间距离、溶解氧、叶绿素a和温度是造成群落变异的主要因子.浮游微型真核生物的空间分布遵循空间距离-群落相似性衰减模型(R=-0.192,P=0.039),周转速率为0.002.此外,筛选到15个敏感的真核生物科,其相对丰度与增温幅度显著相关.重要的是对某一特定的科,其相对丰度随温度的变化与其已知的生态功能相吻合,可以作为评价温排水增温的指示种群.本研究阐明了温排水增温梯度下真核浮游生物群落的空间分布规律,并为评价温排水对微生态效应提供了灵敏的生物学指标.     

长江上游植被覆盖的时空分异季节变化及其驱动因子研究

以GIMMS/NDVl为基础,结合气候与人类活动数据,研究了1982～2003年间长江上游植被覆盖季节变化的空间分布.结果表明,近22年来,长江上游春季、夏季植被覆盖呈增加趋势,以春季最显著;秋季、冬季植被覆盖呈降低趋势,以秋季降低最显著.春季、夏季降雨与气温的同步增加,致使植被覆盖增加;秋季降雨减少,以及气温的增加导致植被覆盖降低;另外,作物播种面积的增加是春季、夏季植被覆盖增加,秋季、冬季植被覆盖减少的重要原因.春季→夏季→秋季→冬季NDVI增加的区域在窄问上大致呈现低纬度向高纬度转移的趋势.春季、夏季所有植被类型的NDVI均有增加趋势;而秋季所有植被类型的NDVI均降低;冬季植被除针叶林的NDVI略有增长外,其余植被类型的NDVI均降低.     

基于遥感影像的1992—2002年昆明市城区扩张及驱动力分析

以TM＼ETM＋遥感影像为数据源,利用ERDAS软件经过几何校正、图像增强等处理,得到比较清晰的昆明市的遥感影像,再对其进行非监督分类,得到昆明市土地利用分类图,在土地利用分类图的基础上进行二值化处理。提取出1992年和2002昆明市主城区图,并把二者叠加,生成1992年-2002年昆明市城区城市扩张图。通过计算得出：1992年面积约为193．16km^2,同样可计算出2002年面积为258．09km^2,以年平均增长率为3．36％的速度迅速扩展,建成区扩展弹性系数为0．85,处于相对协调期,但要略低于合理值。扩展方向主要为以老城区为核心向东南、西南和东北三个方向呈“星形”扩展。通过综合分析影响昆明市扩展的各种因素发现：自然因素、交通因素是城市扩展的条件和基础,社会经济是城市扩展的内在推动力,规划、政策等对扩展起引导作用。