Droplet size spectra and deposits of Bacillus thuringiensis aerial sprays,following application at two volume rates over an oak forest

Abstract

Dipel® 8AF, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) was sprayed undiluted at 30 BIU in 1.8L/ha over a block B1, and sprayed after dilution with water at 30 BIU in 6.2 L/ha over another block B2 in an oak forest infested with the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in southeastern Ontario, Canada. Spray was applied in May 1987 using a Cessna 188 Agtruck aircraft equipped with four Hicronair^® AU4000 atomizers. Droplet sizes were measured at mid‐canopy level of oak trees and at ground level using cylindrical Kromekote® cards. Deposit per unit area was assessed on aluminum oak leaves.

At the lower volume rate of 1.8 L/ha, spray droplets were smaller and droplets/cm² were lower on the cylindrical Kromekote cards in B1 than those obtained in B2 which received the higher volume rate of 6.2 L/ha. The average deposit per unit area of the aluminum oak leaves, expressed in nL of the spray volume per cm² surface area, was also correspondingly lower in B1 than in B2. This was attributed to the higher volume rate of spray application used in B2 than in B1, which resulted in larger droplets and a greater volume deposit/cm² in B2.     

用折流式旋转填料床处理含氨废水

采用折流式旋转填料床处理含氮废水,考察了各因素对吹脱率、传质系数及气相压降的影响、实验结果表明：在pH为10左右、温度为20℃、废水中氨质量浓度为10366mg／L、气体流星为160m^3／h、液体流晕为60L／h、转述为800r／min的条件下,吹脱率为92％,传质系数为3．46kmol／（m^3·s）;折流式旋转填料床的气相压降显著低于其他旋转填料床,且湿床压降低于干床压降;获得了折流式旋转填料床的传质系数和气相压降的回归方程,可分别计算折流式旋转填料床的传质系数和气相压降,考察传质性能和流体力学性能。     

矿用改性水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能试验

为了解决矿用水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性问题,利用DTM-1000落锤冲击试验机研究不同掺量聚丙烯纤维对水泥基封孔材料抗冲击性能的影响,试验更接近于工程实际。在试验基础上初步探讨纤维素对水泥基材料的抗冲击性能提升的机理,为了进一步提高水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性,利用试验研究不同玻璃纤维和聚丙烯纤维的混合比例对封孔材料抗冲击性的影响。最终得出当聚丙烯纤维和玻璃纤维混合比在1.5∶1为最佳提高水泥基材料的抗冲击性的比例。矿用改性水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能试验对提高水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能研究具有重要的参考意义。     

考虑设备跌落的天然气计量站失效后果计算方法

天然气计量站阀门多且检定流程中频繁使用桁车,常规天然气站场的失效后果计算方法难以评估由此带来的影响及后果。为此,在API 581标准基础上,考虑阀门截断作用对机械损伤事故的影响,选取管段组储气量为最大天然气泄漏量,并以动量定理为依据,研究了桁车失效所引发的设备跌落事故,建立了潜在影响面积计算模型;将影响面积内损伤的管段及设备、泄漏的天然气、伤亡的人员等折算为经济损失,形成了考虑设备跌落的天然气计量站失效后果计算方法;将该方法应用于某天然气计量站。研究结果表明:设备跌落事故损失金额为机械损伤事故的3倍;当考虑设备跌落事故时,管段风险等级由低级上升为中低级。研究结果可为天然气计量站失效后果评价提供理论支撑。     

微通道中电场作用下的液滴生成过程研究

利用数值模拟方法对电场作用下的十字型微通道中的液滴生成过程开展了研究,通过CLSVOF耦合模型和电磁流体模型考察了液滴生成不同阶段的形态演变及速度、压强分布规律,分析了液滴断裂的生长、挤压和断裂机制。研究结果有助于加深对微通道中多相流动、特别是电场的影响效果的理解,为微反应器设计与控制提供理论指导与数据支撑。     

动力波洗涤器压力损失数值模拟研究

通过借助已有的多相流理论和数学理论对理想化后洗涤器中的多相流建立模型方程,利用经验公式及试验结果,进行数值模拟,将偏微分方程组封闭。借助计算机软件强大的计算能力,应用有限元法和压力速度校正等方法求解多元方程组。使得模拟计算值与实测值压力损失值产生的相对误差较小,两者吻合得较好。故模型对于复杂的多相流流动,输运方程的解收敛性很好,其精度相对其它模型要高。     

大落差原油管道投产充水过程研究

为了探究大落差管道充水投产过程中存在的不满流及低点超压问题,以中缅原油管道怒江跨越段为例（其最大高差达1 480 m）,基于OLGA多相流瞬态模拟方法,对大落差原油管道充水过程进行仿真研究,重点分析到达管道不同低点位置的最大速度、压力及相应持液率,得到不同输量条件下不同低点位置的水流速度、压力及持液率随时间变化规律。结果表明:当输量为900~2 000 m3/h时该管道中存在的段塞流概率降低57%,同时减少了管压波动以及对管道和设备的破坏,提高了管道输送效率。     

The effects of drop size and formulation upon the spread of pesticide droplets impacting on water‐sensitive papers

Abstract

The effects of drop size and formulation upon the spread of pesticide droplets impacting on water‐sensitive papers (WSPs) was investigated. Droplets of diameter 70–350 μm, of four permethrin formulations, were produced using a monosize droplet generator. The droplets were collected on WSPs and in Dow Corning fluid and their diameters measured using a binocular microscope. Spread factors, upon the WSPs, for each dropsize/formulation combination were then calculated. Spread factors varied with both formulation and droplet size and for droplets of 200 and 300 μm diameter spread was significantly correlated with the dynamic surface tension of the formulation. The results suggest that proper calibration of WSPs is necessary for effective droplet sizing.     

Assessment of aerial spray deposits in a spruce forest using in‐flight microencapsulation technique

Abstract

Spray drops were counted and sized on Kromekote® cards at ground level, and on spruce foliage at canopy level, after aerial application of a formulation containing a microencapsulation medium, over a spruce forest in Ontario. The majority of drops (70%) on foliage was 20 ‐ 75 µm range. A coarse drop size spectrum was observed on cards with a maximum diameter (Dmax) of 380 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 130 µm in diameter. Foliar drop analysis, on the other hand, indicated a finer spectrum with a Dmax of 150 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 75 µm. These results were explained on the basis of formulation ingredients, atomizer setting, weather factors, and drop retention on target surfaces. The assessment of spray deposits on glass plates at ground level indicated that about 16% of the applied spray volume reached the forest floor, a value which is comparable to those obtained in previous forestry applications using the ultra‐low‐volume (ULV) technique.