西藏地面太阳光谱观测

通过使用德国TriOS公司生产的RAMSES-ACC-UV/VIS光谱仪,在2016—2017年对西藏四个地区(拉萨、林芝、阿里和定日)进行了阶段性的太阳光谱(波长280—950 nm)实地观测。初步研究了西藏四个地区地面太阳光谱强度、光谱曲线特征以及光谱随时间的变化等,结果显示在本次观测期间,2017年7月21日(晴天)当地正午(北京时间13点58分)拉萨晴天光谱在476.6 nm波长处出现强度最高,峰值达到2.05 W?m~(-2)?nm~(-1)。同时对比了观测期间拉萨与定日、拉萨与林芝的当地正午晴天太阳光谱特征,对比结果表明:定日光谱强度高于拉萨,拉萨光谱强度高于林芝。定日光谱曲线平滑程度高于拉萨,拉萨光谱曲线平滑程度高于林芝,主要由水汽、氧气吸收造成。     

高浓度聚硅氯化铝(PASC)中铝的水解-聚合特性研究

以铝酸钠为碱化剂,采用缓慢滴碱法合成了高浓度(2.0mol.L-1左右)具有不同Si/Al摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝复合混凝剂(PASC).采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法、碱式滴定法和红外光谱分析,研究了铝的形态分布、水解-聚合历程及铝硅间的相互作用.实验结果表明,Al-Ferron络合动力学符合At=A0+A1[1-exp(-kb1t]+A2[-exp(-kb2t)];在PASC中,硅酸钠和铝的水解产物间存在着相互作用,这种作用对铝的水解-聚合历程和形态分布有不同程度的影响.用铝酸钠制备PASC时有利于Al的形态由低聚物向中、高聚物转化,且随着PASC中Si/Al比的增加生成多核羟铝配合物的能力逐渐增强.     

基于撞击法的喷雾射流粒径研究*

为解决我国光学法仪器价格昂贵,操作复杂,在消防领域未能大范围应用的问题。基于撞击法的采样原理,提出新测试方法,并将其应用于消防领域喷雾射流现场测试。在不同的喷孔数量条件下,通过改变喷雾射流出口压力,观察并统计水雾携带的雾滴在载玻片上留下的印记,根据其直径和数量得出雾滴粒径的分布。研究结果表明:喷雾射流雾滴粒径值与平均直径预测模型的预测值和马尔文粒度仪测得的粒径值相近,水雾粒径随着出口压力的增大而减小,研究结果可为喷雾水枪性能测试和优化改造提供技术支持。     

纤维类废弃物的热化学催化液化试验研究

对纤维类废弃物热化学催化液化反应各反应物的用量比例、反应条件进行优化,并初步测定了最优条件下液化产物的组分.结果表明,纤维类废弃物在浓硫酸/苯酚(浓硫酸的质量分数为6%)的混合催化体系中,当温度为160℃,时间为70min时的液化效果最好.气相色谱-质谱联用仪和红外光谱仪的分析结果表明,液化产物中甲基和亚甲基等基团的振动加强,以及存在麦草纤维素的单体葡萄糖的衍生物,液化反应破坏了纤维类废弃物的晶格结构,从而打破了生物利用的禁锢,使其易被微生物降解.利用液化产物进行混合菌株发酵培养,其真蛋白含量可达到30.74%;其酒精含量可达到19.0%(V/V).     

南漪湖上覆水溶解性有机质的光谱特征

为考察南漪湖上覆水中溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特征与来源,采用紫外-可见光吸收光谱(UV-Vis)与三维荧光光谱(EEMs)为工具,并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)、荧光区域积分分析(FRI)、相关性分析、主成分分析与聚类分析对DOM进行定性与定量分析.结果显示,UV-Vis参数a(440)、E₂/E₃、E₃/E₄、S_R表明DOM具有腐殖化特征与自生源特征,且E₂/E₃、E₃/E₄与a(440)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01,P<0.05),S_R与a(440)无显著相关关系(P>0.05),说明腐殖酸浓度越高则DOM相对分子量越大,但无法依据腐殖酸浓度大小判断DOM来源.根据a(440)计算获得溶解性有机碳(DOC)平均浓度为26.79mg/L,且该湖泊出口附近DOC浓度为10.15mg/L.荧光指数(β:α、FI、BIX、HIX、Fn (280)、Fn (355))显示该湖泊DOM具有腐殖化程度较低及强自生源特征,类蛋白组分(Fn (280))相对浓度的空间分布上由西向东逐渐增大,而腐殖酸类组分(Fn (355))相对浓度峰值出现在入湖口与出湖口.通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类富里酸(C1)、类色氨酸(C2)和类腐殖酸(C3),且C1、C2、C3含量分别占总组分强度21.96%、13.36%、84.21%.FRI法分析显示类蛋白物质所占比例之和(区域I+II)为49.65%,该结果说明水体已受到了人为因素影响.通过相关性分析结果显示,C1、C3与β:α、BIX呈显著负相关系(P<0.001),C2与β:α、BIX、Fn (355)呈正相关系(P<0.001).通过主成分分析与聚类分析,南漪湖上覆水中DOM在16个位点间呈现不同特征,但整体上水体中DOM来源受内源输入影响较为显著,应加强该湖泊内源释放污染物控制与管理.     

Application of an aerosol electrical mobility spectrum analyzer: Charged-particle polarity ratio measurement in the Antarctic and Arctic regions

An aerosol electrical mobility spectrum analyzer (AEMSA), developed at Hanyang University, was employed to investigate the particle charge characteristics in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The particle charge characteristics in these areas were compared with the charging state in Ansan, South Korea, located in the midlatitude, where artificial factors, such as human activity, urbanization, and traffic, might result in a higher total concentration. Furthermore, in Ansan, South Korea, the charged-particle polarity ratio was very stable and was close to 1. However, notably different particle charge characteristics were obtained in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The imbalance between the numbers of positively and negatively charged particles was evident, resulting in more positive charges on the atmospheric particles. On average, the positively charged particle concentrations in the Antarctic and Arctic areas were 1.4 and 2.8 times higher, respectively, compared with the negatively charged particles. The developed AEMSA system and the findings of this study provide useful information on the characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and can be further utilized to study particle formation mechanisms.     

液滴撞击超疏水冷表面的反弹/黏附特性对比研究*

为研究液滴撞击超疏水冷表面动力学现象,通过开展去离子水液滴撞击CuO超疏水表面实验,研究表面温度对液滴碰撞后响应方式的影响,分析铺展直径与反弹高度变化规律。结果表明:液滴撞击超疏水冷表面出现反弹与黏附2种响应方式,临界表面温度介于-25 ℃~-20 ℃之间;液滴反弹工况下,表面温度越低,液滴与超疏水冷表面之间接触时间越长,液滴最大反弹高度越小;液滴黏附工况下,随表面温度降低,液滴回缩程度减小,稳定铺展直径增大。研究结果可为表面结冰界面现象与防冰/除冰机理研究提供参考。     

Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas for conservation of lake fish communities

Freshwater protected areas are rare even though freshwater ecosystems are among the most imperiled in the world. Conservation actions within terrestrial protected areas (TPAs) such as development or resource extraction regulations may spill over to benefit freshwater ecosystems within their boundaries. Using data from 175 lakes across Ontario, Canada, we compared common indicators of fish‐assemblage status (i.e., species richness, Shannon diversity index, catch per unit effort, and normalized‐length size spectrum slopes) to evaluate whether TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages. Nearest neighbor cluster analysis was used to generate pairs of lakes: inside versus outside, inside versus bordering, and bordering versus outside TPAs based on lake characteristics. The diversity and abundance indicators did not differ significantly across comparisons, but normalized‐length size spectrum slopes (NLSS) were significantly steeper in lakes outside parks. The latter indicated assemblage differences (greater abundances of small‐bodied species) and less‐efficient energy transfer through the trophic levels of assemblages outside parks. Although not significantly different, pollution‐ and turbidity‐tolerant species were more abundant outside parks, whereas 3 of the 4 pollution‐intolerant species were more abundant within parks. Twenty‐one percent of the difference in slopes was related to higher total dissolved solids concentrations and angling pressure. Our results support the hypothesis that TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages and suggest that NLSS slopes are informative indicators for aquatic protected area evaluations because they represent compositional and functional aspects of communities.     

氨法烟气脱硫系统雾滴浓度测定方法

对于烟气脱硫系统,准确测定烟气中雾滴浓度是完成脱硫系统性能考核的必备技术,目前国内尚无脱硫系统除雾器性能测试统一标准规范。介绍了氨法烟气脱硫系统雾滴浓度的测定方法———硫酸根离子法,阐述了该方法的原理与特点,方法步骤,为氨法烟气脱硫工程考核除雾器性能提供了一种有效的参考方法。     

不同物料堆肥富里酸的结构特征的研究

通过三维荧光平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和二维相关光谱（2DCOS）分析了富含木质纤维素类物料（果蔬废物和杂草废物）和富含木质素类物料（秸秆废物和园林修剪废物）堆肥形成的富里酸的结构和组成.结果显示,两类堆肥物料形成的富里酸结构差异显著.虽然两类物料的荧光组分含量及变化基本相似,但是特征官能团与其荧光组分的变化顺序却不同.富含木质纤维素类物料堆肥形成的富里酸中类酪氨酸和类色氨酸先于芳环形成,而富含木质素类物料堆肥形成的富里酸中芳环先于类酪氨酸和类色氨酸.并且,研究发现在堆肥高温期和腐熟期,富里酸的芳环含量在木质纤维类和木质类物料中分别增加了约10%和5%,脂肪族的含量分别下降了约10%和6%,说明堆肥过程中富里酸结构中脂肪族逐渐降解并伴随其芳香性逐渐增加;结构方程模型结果表明,类富里酸、脂肪族基团和羧基是富里酸中芳环形成的关键组分.本文研究结果可为明确堆肥过程中富里酸的形成提供理论基础.