陕西省水资源供求指数和综合干旱指数及其时空分布

识别区域的干旱时空特征对于防旱抗旱具有重要指导意义。论文采用两种方法研究了陕西省干旱时空分布特征并比较了两种方法在应用中的优缺点：其一,考虑社会经济因素对干旱的影响,采用基于水资源供水和需水平衡的陕西省社会经济干旱指标（水资源供求指数）;其二,结合SPI、PDSI和SPEI的特点,运用模糊综合法建立了综合干旱指数。结果表明：陕西省干旱发生频率很高,南北多发生轻微干旱,中部多发生中重度干旱。陕西省干旱在空间上分布差异大,两种方法均表明咸阳、西安、渭南和铜川地区旱情最为严重。在水资源量存在巨大差异的地区,如商洛与榆林,仅用一种类型的干旱指标无法全面体现实际情况,两种方法的结论存在差异：综合干旱指数表明榆林干旱较重,但供求指数为轻旱;商洛供水可满足需水,但综合干旱指数为轻旱。气象干旱指数,在水资源短缺的地区或自然生态系统中,结果更贴近于实际;社会经济干旱指数——水资源供求指数,更适宜用于水资源极其丰富且供水能力强的地区。     

1936～1937年河南旱灾述评

发生在1936～1937年间的大旱灾给河南农业生产造成了巨大损失,由此酿成的大饥荒导致食品奇缺、灾民遍地并大批饿死逃亡、伦理道德丧失.究其原因,除自然界气候变异的客观因素外,社会原因是主要的:农业生产力水平低下和统治者、侵略者的压榨与掠夺,致使国困民穷,无力抗灾;政府的防灾无能、救灾无力使灾情不断加重;水利长期失修、植被遭严重破坏使灾害难以抗御、亦加剧了旱灾.     

基于多源数据的干旱监测指数对比研究——以西南地区为例

干旱作为一种时常发生的自然灾害,影响范围广,对农业和粮食安全、人类生活等有深远影响。目前常用的干旱监测指数,都有各自的优缺点,无法适用于所有类型的干旱。论文利用基于气象要素驱动数据集的SPI（Standardized Precipitation Index）、基于MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）的ESI（Evaporative Stress Index）、ETI（Evapotranspiration Index）和基于GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）观测数据的水储量变化TWSC（Terrestrial Water Storage Changes）,对西南地区2005—2014年间的干旱情况进行分析,对比了几种不同数据源下的干旱监测指标的监测效果。结果表明：1）4种干旱监测指标对西南地区的干旱都较为敏感,其中6个月尺度的SPI（即SPI-6）与3个月尺度的ESI（即ESI-3）相关性相对最强（R²=0.431, P<0.01）;2）基于GRACE的水储量变化受全局性大干旱的影响较大,且秋冬比夏天的影响大;3）SPI-6、ESI-3、ETI-3能够较为准确地监测出干旱的空间分布及干旱过程中重心的移动,ETI-3在2009—2010年的干旱中有明显滞后,SPI-6则在干旱末期夸大干旱严重程度。     

A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE PALMER HYDROLOGIC DROUGHT INDEX1

ABSTRACT: The sensitivity of the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index to departures from average temperature and precipitation conditions is examined. A time series of zero index values was calculated and then one monthly temperature or precipitation value was perturbed. The resulting time series shows the effects on the index of one anomalous value. Independent series were calculated for temperature anomalies of plus and minus 1, 3, 5, and 10F and for precipitation anomalies of 25, 50, 75, 125, 150, and 200 percent of normal for each calendar month for Colorado, Indiana, Nevada, New York, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Washington, and Wisconsin. Analysis of the time series showed that the period of time required for the index to reflect actual rather than artificial initial conditions could be more than four years. It was also found that the effects of temperature anomalies are insignificant compared to the effects of precipitation anomalies. In some cases, one anomalous precipitation value could result in established wet or dry spells that last for up to two years. Although not examined in detail, the time series suggest that distributions of index values may be asymmetrical and possibly bimodal.     

USING GROUND WATER BASINS AS STORAGE FACILITIES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Southern California, now in its fifth consecutive year of drought, has always relied heavily on imported water from the Owens Valley, the State Water Project, and the Colorado River. For various reasons, these sources are now decreasing and water suppliers are being forced to look for new sources. One possible alternative is to store water obtained during peak supply periods for use during dry periods in ground water storage basins. The Santa Ana River Basin in Orange County has already been developed, and is being used to provide water to 25 cities in Orange County. The San Juan Basin, also in Orange County, is being studied as a possible future storage basin. This paper examines some of the positive and negative aspects of developing and using ground water storage basins in Southern California.     

HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE 1988 DROUGHT IN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: Drought is evaluated in terms of the magnitude and duration of the 1988 spring and summer precipitation shortfall, and according to various components of the hydrologic budget, both surface and sub-surface. The response time of some of these components is investigated, relative to the time of precipitation. Individual water users perceived a beginning and ending of the drought at different times relative to their activities. Some statistics better describe some components of a drought to some users, and better answer some questions, than do others.     

干旱综合防御集成技术机制及在华北冬麦区的示范应用研究

论文将底墒效应利用技术、土壤深松技术、秸秆覆盖技术、有限水分胁迫效应利用技术、喷施多功能防旱剂五项单项抗旱技术在冬小麦播前及各个发育阶段适时、适地综合集成,并给出了应用量化指标。于1998～2000年在河南、河北、山东省进行示范推广应用。结果表明:冬小麦干旱综合防御集成技术是通过各单项抗旱技术触发和优化冬小麦找水、增水、保水、节水、控水的五种水分利用机制,发挥了植物生理生态、土壤理化性状、土壤水库、麦田小气候效应和化学制剂喷施等多种防旱抗旱的效能,时间贯穿于冬小麦整个生育期,可实现持续防旱抗旱。集成技术具有比各单项技术更显著的增产、节水效果。在两个典型大旱年的情况下,集成技术使水分利用效率提高10.6%～53.7%,平均提高27.7%;小麦增产7.0%～42.3%,平均增产16.6%;每公顷增加纯收入490～1200元。     

Factor Biases and Promoting Sustainable Development: Adaptation to Drought in the Senegal River Basin

The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment. These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period. A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions, this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects to redress the primary effects of desertification.     

茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对水稻幼苗的抗旱生理效应

茉莉酸类物质(Jas)是植物体内广泛存在的生长调节物质,它作为内源信号分子参与植物在机械伤害、病虫害、干旱、盐胁迫、低温等条件下的抗逆反应。选用抗旱性存在明显差异的两个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种中二欧六和丰华占作为实验材料,通过设置对照、干旱、干旱 茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)三种处理研究了茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗的抗旱生理效应。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫后两个水稻品种幼苗叶片水势均显著降低,而干旱后喷施茉莉酸甲酯能明显增加叶片的水势,改善叶片的水分状况,抗旱性强的品种水势增加幅度较大。干旱胁迫后水稻叶片的抗氧化酶活性,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)和有机渗透调节物质,包括可溶性糖、脯氨酸及游离氨基酸含量均大幅度上升,而干旱 茉莉酸甲酯处理则能降低了这些物质的含量,两个水稻品种的变化趋势表现一致。研究结果表明外施茉莉酸甲酯在一定程度上能减缓干旱胁迫对水稻幼苗造成的伤害,有效地提高抗旱性,但这这种增强效应在不同水稻品种间存在一定差异。