基于CI指数的湖北干旱及其变化特征分析

利用湖北省71个气象台站1960～2011年地面观测资料,按照国家标准《气象干旱等级GB/T20481 2006》中的综合气象干旱指数CI对湖北省干旱特点及其气候变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：(1)西北部地区全年有近1/3的时间为干旱日,季节变化差异小,是湖北省易干旱地区;中东部地区年干旱日天数相对较少,但集中在7～10月伏秋季,是湖北典型的季节性干旱地区;(2)湖北省中旱以上干旱过程平均1 a一次;重旱过程平均2~3 a一遇,其中西北部地区2 a一遇;而特重旱过程全省平均6～7 a一遇,其中西北部地区为5 a一遇;70%重旱过程出现在伏秋季;(3)全球气候变化背景下,湖北省一般性干旱年出现频率有明显的增加,而大旱年出现频率变化不大;空间上近20 a西北部地区的大旱年出现频率增加明显;中东部地区大旱年呈减少趋势,而一般性干旱年出现频率呈增加趋势;(4)中东部地区中旱过程出现频率近20 a增多较明显,主要反映在7～10月伏秋季,重旱过程呈减少趋势;而西北部地区重旱过程增加,主要表现在11～2月冬闲季和3～6月春夏季     

利用植被状态指数距平监测2011年长江中下游5省春、夏干旱

针对2011年长江中下游湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏5省春、夏旱的发展过程和空间演变态势,利用2011年4~8月中分辨率MODIS每16 d合成产品MOD13A2-NDVI数据,构建植被状态指数距平（AVCI）进行干旱监测及分级。结果表明:AVCI指数能监测出长江中下游5省春、夏季干旱的发展变化,在整个监测期内,长江中下游湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏5省大部分地区AVCI值偏低,出现大范围干旱持续的现象,并且表现出明显的旱情加重-旱情减轻-旱情再加重的变化趋势。前期春季干旱主要分布在湖北中东部、安徽中南部、江苏南部、湖南东北部、江西北部地区,后期伏旱则在5省大范围发展。春旱干旱程度比伏旱更甚,其中春季旱情在平原地区更为严重     

Management of Water Shortage in the Colorado River Basin: Evaluating Current Policy and the Viability of Interstate Water Trading1

Wildman, Richard A., Jr. and Noelani A. Forde, 2012. Management of Water Shortage in the Colorado River Basin: Evaluating Current Policy and the Viability of Interstate Water Trading. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 411-422. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00665.x Abstract: The water of the Colorado River of the southwestern United States (U.S.) is presently used beyond its reliable supply, and the flow of this river is forecast to decrease significantly due to climate change. A recent interim report of the Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study is the first acknowledgment of these facts by U.S. federal water managers. In light of this new stance, we evaluate the current policy of adaptation to water shortages in the Colorado River Basin. We find that initial shortages will be borne only by the cities of Arizona and Nevada and farms in Arizona whereas the other Basin states have no incentive to reduce consumptive use. Furthermore, the development of a long-term plan is deferred until greater water scarcity exists. As a potential response to long-term water scarcity, we evaluate the viability of an interstate water market in the Colorado River Basin. We inform our analysis with newly available data from the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia, which has used interstate water trading to create vital flexibility during extreme aridity during recent years. We find that, despite substantial obstacles, an interstate water market is a compelling reform that could be used not only to adapt to increased water scarcity but also to preserve core elements of Colorado River Basin law.     

基于植被状态指数的干旱化特征及气候驱动因素分析——以江苏省为例

干旱是危害最大的自然灾害之一,给农业生产及地区经济造成了巨大的损失。以AVHRR和MODIS遥感数据集所计算的植被状态指数(Vegetation Condition Index,VCI)为监测指标,研究江苏省干旱的时空变化特征,并结合江苏省气象站台1982~2010年的实测气象资料,分析降水量、气温、相对湿度和日照时数这四个气候因子的变化趋势及其对干旱化的影响,不仅能够定量地描述植被干旱的空间变化,还可以反映长期气候对其起到的正反作用。研究结果表明:江苏省近30年的年均VCI值呈上升趋势,区域整体旱情有所缓解;四个气候因子中,年均温度逐渐升高,年均降水量基本保持不变,年均相对湿度和日照时数则呈下降趋势,其中气温和相对湿度与VCI的相关性达极显著水平,是影响江苏省旱情的主要因素。     

Seasonal differences and within-canopy variations of antioxidants in mature spruce (Picea abies) trees under elevated ozone in a free-air exposure system

The effect of free-air ozone fumigation and crown position on antioxidants were determined in old-growth spruce (Picea abies) trees in the seasonal course of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004). Levels of total ascorbate and its redox state in the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) were increased under double ambient ozone concentrations (2xO3), whilst ascorbate concentrations in needle extracts were unchanged. Concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic ascorbate were significantly higher in 2003 compared to 2004 indicating a combined effect of the drought conditions in 2003 with enhanced ozone exposure. Elevated ozone had only weak effects on total glutathione levels in needle extracts, phloem exudates and xylem saps. Total and oxidised glutathione concentrations were higher in 2004 compared to 2003 and seemed to be more affected by enhanced ozone influx in the more humid year 2004 compared to the combined effect of elevated ozone and drought in 2003 as observed for ascorbate.     

Changing household responses to drought in Tharaka, Kenya: vulnerability, persistence and challenge

Drought is a recurring challenge to the livelihoods of those living in Tharaka District, Kenya, situated in the semi-arid zone to the east of Mount Kenya, from the lowest slopes of the mountain to the banks of the Tana River. This part of Kenya has been marginal to the economic and political life of Kenya from the colonial period until the present day. A study of more than 30 years of change in how people in Tharaka cope with drought reveals resilience in the face of major macro-level transformations, which include privatisation of landownership, population growth, political decentralisation, increased conflict over natural resources, different market conditions, and environmental shifts. However, the study also shows troubling signs of increased use of drought responses that are incompatible with long-term agrarian livelihoods. Government policy needs to address the challenge of drought under these new macro conditions if sustainable human development is to be achieved.     

甘肃临夏地区人降雨气候背景分析

利用常规气象塑料,统计分析在作物生长的主要季节实施人工降雨的可能性及潜力,为开展人工降雨提供物理依据,分析结果表明：人工降雨的可能性及潜力分布存在明显的地域性和时间性,由此提出了为抗旱减灾面在临夏地区充分开发利用云水资源的具体对策和措施。     

Models,Assumptions, and Stakeholders: Planning for Water Supply Variability in the Colorado River Basin1

Abstract: Declining reservoir storage has raised the specter of the first water shortage on the Lower Colorado River since the completion of Glen Canyon and Hoover Dams. This focusing event spurred modeling efforts to frame alternatives for managing the reservoir system during prolonged droughts. This paper addresses the management challenges that arise when using modeling tools to manage water scarcity under variable hydroclimatology, shifting use patterns, and institutional complexity. Assumptions specified in modeling simulations are an integral feature of public processes. The policymaking and management implications of assumptions are examined by analyzing four interacting sources of physical and institutional uncertainty: inflow (runoff), depletion (water use), operating rules, and initial reservoir conditions. A review of planning documents and model reports generated during two recent processes to plan for surplus and shortage in the Colorado River demonstrates that modeling tools become useful to stakeholders by clarifying the impacts of modeling assumptions at several temporal and spatial scales. A high reservoir storage‐to‐runoff ratio elevates the importance of assumptions regarding initial reservoir conditions over the three‐year outlook used to assess the likelihood of reaching surplus and shortage triggers. An ensemble of initial condition predictions can provide more robust initial conditions estimates. This paper concludes that water managers require model outputs that encompass a full range of future potential outcomes, including best and worst cases. Further research into methods of representing and communicating about hydrologic and institutional uncertainty in model outputs will help water managers and other stakeholders to assess tradeoffs when planning for water supply variability.     

基于APSIM模型的春玉米生育期旱灾损失敏感性定量分析

作物不同生育期旱灾损失敏感性研究对于提高农业干旱监测准确率、采取合理的农业抗旱减灾措施等有重要意义.干旱发生时,农业用水被压缩,充分利用当前可用灌溉水量以取得较好的作物产量效益是农业抗旱减灾中的重点.目前已有研究大多从水分胁迫试验出发,分析不同干旱胁迫对作物产量的影响,定性分析作物各生育期旱灾损失敏感性.由于农田试验样...     

基于联系数和马尔可夫链耦合的山东省旱情动态预测评价

为增强区域旱情预测评价模型的合理性、可解释性和预测评价结果的准确性,以山东省1972-2001年旱情历史序列作为评价样本,选取水库蓄水量距平百分率、地下水埋深、土壤含水量和降水量距平百分率4个旱情评价指标,采用基于加速遗传算法的模糊层次分析法确定评价指标权重,通过计算评价样本的指标数联系数、指标值联系数并利用最小相对熵...