陕西省干旱综合评价预警研究

总结了造成陕西省干旱发生的主要原因以及干旱的区域和季节分布特征，在分析气象干旱和农业干旱指标的基础上提出了陕西省干旱分析评价的综合干旱指标、干旱预警方法以及干旱发生起始日期和持续日数的计算方法，通过采用此指标和方法对陕西省典型年份的干旱分析评价，得出的干旱结果和实际干旱状况相比基本一致，说明运用该综合干旱指标、评价干旱状况方法以及干旱预警方法在陕西省干旱的评价和预警中是可行的。     

MULTITEMPORAL SCALE HYDROGRAPH PREDICTION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS1

Abstract: An artificial neural network (ANN) provides a mathematically flexible structure to identify complex nonlinear relationship between inputs and outputs. A multilayer perceptron ANN technique with an error back propagation algorithm was applied to a multitime-scale prediction of the stage of a hydro-logically closed lake, Devils Lake (DL), and discharge of the Red River of the North at Grand Forks station (RR-GF) in North Dakota. The modeling exercise used 1 year (2002), 5 years (1998–2002), and 27 years (1975–2002) of data for the daily, weekly, and monthly predictions, respectively. The hydrometeorological data (precipitations P_(t), P_(t-1), P_(t-2), P_(t-3), antecedent runoff/lake stage R_(t-1) and air temperature T_(t) were partitioned for training and for testing to predict the current hydro-graph at the selected DL and RR-GF stations. Performance of ANN was evaluated using three combinations of daily datasets (Input I = P_(t)), P_(t-l), P_(t-2), P_(t-3), T_(t) and R_(t-l); Input II = Input-l less P_(t) P_(t-l), P_(t-2), P_(t-3); and Input III = Input-II less T_(t)). Comparison of the model output using Input I data with the observed values showed average testing prediction efficiency (E) of 86 percent for DL basin and 46 percent for RR-GF basin, and higher efficiency for the daily than monthly simulations.     

FORECASTING DRY SEASON STREAMFLOW ON THE PEACE RIVER AT ARCADIA,FLORIDA, USA1

ABSTRACT: The Peace River at Arcadia, Florida, is a municipal water supply supplement for southwestern Florida. Consequently, probabilities of encountering low flows during the dry season are of critical importance. Since the association between Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and seasonal streamflow variability in the southeastern United States is well documented, it is reasonable to generate forecasts based on this information. Here, employing historic records of minimum, mean, and maximum flows during winter (JFM) and spring (AMJ), upper and lower terciles define “above normal,”“normal,” and “below normal” levels of each variable. A probability distribution model describes the likelihood of these seasonal variables conditioned upon Pacific SSTs from the previous summer (JAS). Model calibration is based upon 40 (of 50) years of record employing stratified random sampling to ensure equal representation from each decade. The model is validated against the remaining 10 samples and the process repeated 100 times. Each conditional probability distribution yields varying probabilities of observing flow variables within defined categories. Generally, a warm (cold) Pacific is associated with higher (lower) flows. To test model skill, the forecast is constrained to be the most probable category in each calibration year, with significance tested by chi‐square frequency tables. For all variables, the tables indicate high levels of association between forecast and observed terciles and forecast skill, particularly during winter. During spring the pattern is less clear, possibly due to the variable starting date of the summer rainy season. This simple technique suggests that Pacific SSTs provide a good forecast of low flows.     

道路交通安全研究方法

介绍了交通安全的研究方法和预测模型 ,并对统计分析、模糊数学分析及灰色理论方法进行了比较。在此基础上 ,介绍了适应我国目前交通安全研究现状的交通事故灰色预测研究方法 ,对交通事故发展趋势进行了预测。论文给出了相应的灰色预测模型及预测方法 ,预测结果与实际情况较吻合     

PLANNING FOR DROUGHT: MOVING FROM CRISIS TO RISK MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Severe drought is a recurring problem for the United States, as illustrated by widespread economic, social, and environmental impacts. Recent drought episodes and the widespread drought conditions in 1996, 1998, and 1999 emphasized this vulnerability and the need for a more proactive, risk management approach to drought management that would place greater emphasis on preparedness planning and mitigation actions. Drought planning has become a principal tool of states and other levels of government to improve their response to droughts. For example, since 1982, the number of states with drought plans has increased from 3 to 29. Many local governments have also adopted drought or water shortage plans. Unfortunately, most state drought plans were established during the 1980s and early 1990s and emphasize emergency response or crisis management rather than risk management. This paper presents a substantive revision of a 10‐step drought planning process that has been applied widely in the United States and elsewhere. The revised planning process places more weight on risk assessment and the development and implementation of mitigation actions and programs. The goal of this paper is to encourage states to adopt this planning process in the revision of existing drought plans or, for states without plans, in the development of new plans.     

河流水质预测的因素状态网络模型研究

建立了一种河流水质预测的因素状态人工神经网络模型,其算例的计算结果表明,这一种方法有着极大的研究意义和广阔的应用前景。      

以摩托车为主的道路交通噪声预测模型

将摩托车流单独处理,通过理论推导和实测数据回归建立摩托车为主的道路交通噪声预测模型.模型对居住区的交通噪声(Leq)预测精度在 2.5dBA 以内,道路两侧 Leq预测精度更高,大部分测点误差在 1dBA 以内.     

黄河流域干旱状况变化的气候与植被特征分析

应用干旱的气候分析方法和遥感监测方法,分别利用1982～1998年(1999年)降水和气温气象数据,以及AVHRR的NDVI遥感数据计算了黄河流域气候干旱指数和距平NDVI。以像元为单位,应用线性回归斜率和相关系数分析了流域内干旱状况的气候特征和植被特征的变化状况,并进行了流域干旱状况类型的区域划分,从气候和植被特征方面分析了黄河流域近18年来干旱变化状况。通过研究得出以下结论:黄河流域在1982～1999年间干旱的气候特征比较突出,在101°20'E以东地区受干旱威胁,共占黄河流域面积的71%;黄河流域在101°20'E以西的源头地区,干旱的气候特征和植被特征目前都处在相对减弱的趋势中,干旱没有进一步严重恶化的迹象;黄河流域灌溉农业地区植被基本不受气候干旱的影响。     

胡杨生理指标对塔里木河下游生态输水的响应

根据塔里木河下游受生态输水影响的断面和未受输水影响断面的胡杨生理指标脯氨酸、脱落酸和叶片含水量的变化,就胡杨生理指标对生态输水的响应进行了初步分析.结果显示:①在受到生态输水影响的断面,胡杨叶相对含水量增加,脯氨酸、脱落酸因水分条件的好转而分解降低;在未受到生态输水影响的断面,因为干旱胁迫程度的加重,胡杨叶相对含水量减少,脯氨酸、脱落酸因积累而增加.②在生态输水前,胡杨生理指标总体上与地下水位变化相一致,即:随着地下水位的降低,胡杨脯氨酸和脱落酸水平增加;随地下水位的升高,脯氨酸和脱落酸水平有降低的趋势.③从个别数据的异常看,在塔里木河下游,当地下水位较低时,地下水位的升降仅是影响胡杨干旱胁迫的一个因子.因此,在塔里木河下游开展的生态输水工程,对该区胡杨生长的影响非常显著,它在一定程度上缓解了胡杨水分的亏缺,减轻了干旱胁迫程度.      

基于生态足迹方法的中国生态可持续性分析

基于生态足迹和EMD方法,分析了中国1961~2005年生态可持续性的周期性变化,并建立具有周期性波动的非线性动力学模型,预测未来10年中国人均生态足迹和生物承载力的发展趋势。结果发现:44年来,中国人均生态足迹具有明显的4.3年、14.3年和17年3个波动周期,人均生物承载力具有明显的3.5年、8.8年、17.7年和44年4个波动周期;若未来10年中国人均生态足迹和生物承载力均延续过去44年的变化趋势,则2015年人均生态足迹、生物承载力、生态赤字将分别为1.366ghm²、1.108ghm²和0.258ghm²,人均生态足迹和生态赤字较2005年分别下降了0.27ghm²、0.441ghm²,而人均生物承载力增加了0.171ghm²。在保持经济、技术和人民生活水平稳步提高的同时,这种程度的生态超载有可能通过贸易引进生物承载力,通过技术进步、提高管理水平等增加生物承载力得到缓解。