干热河谷主要造林树种光合作用光抑制的防御机制

比较研究了干热河谷8个造林树种气孔导度、光合色素、叶绿索荧光的日变化和季节变化，结果表明：①气孔导度雨季较高，多呈“午睡”现象的双峰曲线日进程，旱季气孔导度很低，全呈单峰曲线日进程；叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fv／Fm呈反正态分布曲线日进程，qP和φPsⅡ呈正态分布曲线日进程，白昼qNP随时间呈上升趋势，表明树种启动了过剩激发能耗散功能．②叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a／b值及类胡萝卜素／叶绿素值从雨季到旱季都呈下降趋势，减少了对光能的吸收．③旱季马占相思(Acacia mangium)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的Fv／Fm值明显低于雨季值，差异显著，发生了严重的光抑制；qP和qNP值除赤桉(Eucalyptus dulebsis)变化不明显外，其余树种旱季qP值下降而qNP值上升．④对干旱、高光强、高温光保护的主动适应方式是保持较高的光化学猝灭、PSII线性电子传递效率和维持一定耗散过剩光能的能力，如降低光化学猝灭而增加非光化学猝灭来适应逆境，则是一种对生长不利的内损耗被动适应方式．图4表2参14     

Acid Deposition in the Tuscan Appennines During the Dry Period 1988-89

The typical parameters of acid precipitation are evaluated in the forest of Vallombrosa (Tuscan Appennines) during the dry period 1988-89. Individual rain events (dry and wet deposition) were sampled in a clearing of the forest and below the canopy of an evergreen tree as well as a deciduous broadleaf tree.

In atmospheric precipitation the pH values usually vary around 4.4, with neutralization in the hot season due to calcareous material from distant sources. Relatively large concentrations of Pb and Cd are found in rain, but only in a small amount in canopy leachate. Aluminium, manganese and iron are more significantly washed off than Pb and Cd.     

A Critical Appraisal of Field Evidence From A Regional Survey for Acid Deposition Effects On Scottish Moorland Podzols

Samples have been collected from major horizons of 34 podzol profiles distributed throughout Scotland, all developed from granite or granitic tills and under Calluna moorland. the pH in water and calcium chloride pastes, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity, and extractable aluminium of the soils collected have been measured, and the results studied in relation to reported atmospheric deposition of H⁺, non-marine sulphur and nitrate. for all horizons, significant positive correlations were found between soil pH and rainfall mean pH, as might be expected when the critical load of H⁺ deposition is exceeded. Acidifying pollutant deposition also apparently increased soil extractable aluminium concentrations in the B and C horizons. However, exchangeable base cation concentrations tended to increase, rather than decrease, with increasing precipitation acidity. This effect was attributed to increases in biogeochemical cycling of base cations, increases in leaching inputs of base cations from overlying A/E horizon soils, and increases in the inputs of base cations leached from upslope. the results suggest that the simple steady state mass approach to the quantification of critical loads, as often applied, may be an oversimplification.     

A comparison of two models with Landsat data for estimating above ground grassland biomass in Inner Mongolia,China

Two models, artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR), were developed to estimate typical grassland aboveground dry biomass in Xilingol River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and topographic variables (elevation, aspect, and slope) were combined with atmospherically corrected reflectance from the Landsat ETM+ reflective bands as the candidate input variables for building both models. Seven variables (NDVI, aspect, and bands 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7) were selected by the ANN model (implemented in Statistica 6.0 neural network module), while six (elevation, NDVI, and bands 1, 3, 5 and 7) were picked to fit the MLR function after a stepwise analysis was executed between the candidate input variables and the above ground dry biomass. Both models achieved reasonable results with RMSEs ranging from 39.88% to 50.08%. The ANN model provided a more accurate estimation (RMSE_r = 39.88% for the training set, and RMSE_r = 42.36% for the testing set) than MLR (RMSE_r = 49.51% for the training, and RMSE_r = 53.20% for the testing). The final above ground dry biomass maps of the research area were produced based on the ANN and MLR models, generating the estimated mean values of 121 and 147 g/m², respectively.     

氮沉降对杉木人工林凋落物叶分解过程中养分释放的影响

凋落物的养分释放是生态系统养分循环的重要组成部分,是维持森林生态系统养分平衡的关键过程。近几十年来,森林生态系统正受到氮沉降增加的影响,开展氮沉降全球化背景下凋落物养分释放的研究,有助于揭示森林养分循环对氮沉降的响应机制。以亚热带有代表性的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林(福建官庄国有林场1992年造林)为研究对象,自2004年1月开始进行氮沉降模拟试验,设置4个氮沉降处理,分别为0(N0)、60(N60)、120(N120)、240(N240)kg·hm^-2·a^-1,采用分解袋法进行原位分解试验,将分解袋随机投放至林地表面,每隔60天取样1次,共持续660 d,探讨凋落物叶在分解过程中养分(P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe)的释放动态。结果表明,在模拟氮沉降初期,氮沉降总体上促进了养分元素的释放,相对于N0处理,氮沉降分别使K的周转期缩短22.14%-26.09%,Ca周转期缩短15.31%-34.59%,Mg的周转期缩短5.25%-27.03%,Mn的周转期缩短17.85%-46.80%,Zn的周转期缩短20.51%-33.18%;就P和Fe而言,仅有N_2处理对其表现为促进作用,周转期分别缩短11.02%和26.01%。在各氮沉降水平中,120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1的施入量对凋落物养分释放作用最显著,说明此时杉木人工林还未达到氮饱和状态,随着时间的推移,当杉木人工林生态系统达到氮饱合时,则有可能对凋落物的养分释放产生不利的影响。     

钾盐沉积V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂的制备及再生

采用浸渍法制备钾盐沉积V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂,利用BET、FESEM、XRD和激光拉曼对催化剂进行表征.通过分析催化剂活性与理化性质,来考察钾盐沉积对V2O5-WO3/TiO2 SCR催化剂脱硝活性的影响.考察了中毒前后、不同的再生方法和测试时间对氨气选择性催化还原NO的影响.结果表明,钾盐沉积的V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂随着钾盐溶液浓度的增加中毒能力越强.不同的再生方法使得钾盐沉积V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂的脱硝活性均有不同程度的提高.整体来说,水洗酸洗加钒的再生催化剂脱硝效率可以恢复到98%、99%左右.     

Atmospheric transport of urban-derived NH(x): Evidence from nitrogen concentration and delta(15)N in epilithic mosses at Guiyang, SW China

Nitrogen concentration and δ¹⁵N in 175 epilithic moss samples were investigated along four directions from urban to rural sites in Guiyang, SW China. The spatial variations of moss N concentration and δ¹⁵N revealed that atmospheric N deposition is dominated by NH_x-N from two major sources (urban sewage NH₃ and agricultural NH₃), the deposition of urban-derived NH_x followed a point source pattern characterized by an exponential decline with distance from the urban center, while the agricultural-derived NH_x was shown to be a non-point source. The relationship between moss N concentration and distance (y = 1.5e^−0.13x + 1.26) indicated that the maximum transporting distance of urban-derived NH_x averaged 41 km from the urban center, and it could be determined from the relationship between moss δ¹⁵N and distance [y = 2.54 ln(x) − 12.227] that urban-derived NH_x was proportionally lower than agricultural-derived NH_x in N deposition at sites beyond 17.2 km from the urban center. Consequently, the variation of urban-derived NH_x with distance from the urban center could be modeled as y = 56.272e^−0.116x − 0.481 in the Guiyang area.     

Anthropogenic NOx emissions alter the intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) for Quercus cerris stands under Mediterranean climate conditions

We investigated the effect of N deposition (Ndep) on intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE_i), the ratio of photosynthesis (A) to stomatal conductance (g_s), for two Quercus cerris stands at different distances to an oil refinery in Southern Italy. We used δ¹³C in tree rings for assessing changes in WUE_i; while the influence of climate and NO_x emission was explored through δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N, respectively. Differences in WUE_i between the two sites were significant, with trees exposed to different degrees of NO_x emissions showing an abrupt increase with the onset of pollution. Assuming similar g_s at the two sites, as inferred through δ¹⁸O, the higher N availability at the polluted site caused the shift of the A/g_s ratio in favour of A. Overall, our result suggests that an increase of Ndep may enhance tree WUE under a scenario of reduction of precipitation predicted for Mediterranean area.     

酸化模型及其发展趋势评述

本文将酸化模型分为指标评价模型、经验酸化模型和以湖泊－流域为基础的机理模型三大类。概述了几个典型的酸化模型的结构、对参数和过程的处理方法、存在的问题和应用范围并介绍了它们的一些具体应用。还以ＭＡＧＩＣ模型为例说明了酸化模型的发展及其趋势。作为模型的一个有机组成部分,本文还阐述了酸化模型的不确定性分析。