Historical nitrogen content of bryophyte tissue as an indicator of increased nitrogen deposition in the Cape Metropolitan Area, South Africa

Information on changes in precipitation chemistry in the rapidly expanding Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA) of South Africa is scarce. To obtain a long-term record of N deposition we investigated changes in moss foliar N, C:N ratios and nitrogen isotope values that might reflect precipitation chemistry. Tissue from 9 species was obtained from herbarium specimens collected between 1875 and 2000 while field samples were collected in 2001/2002. There is a strong trend of increasing foliar N content in all mosses collected over the past century (1.32-1.69 %N). Differences exist between ectohydric mosses which have higher foliar N than the mixohydric group. C:N ratios declined while foliar δ¹⁵N values showed no distinct pattern. From relationships between moss tissue N and N deposition rates we estimated an increase of 6-13 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ since 1950. Enhanced N deposition rates of this magnitude could lead to biodiversity losses in native ecosystems.     

Rising trends of dissolved organic matter in drinking-water reservoirs as a result of recovery from acidification in the Ore Mts., Czech Republic

The concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), a common proxy for dissolved organic matter (DOM), was measured at seven drinking-water reservoirs and four streams between 1969 and 2006. Nine of them showed significant DOM increases (median COD change +0.08 mg L⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Several potential drivers of these trends were considered, including air temperature, rainfall, land-use and water sulfate concentration. Temperature and precipitation influenced inter-annual variations, but not long-term trends. The long-term DOM increase was significantly associated with declines of acidic deposition, especially sulfur deposition. Surface water sulfate concentrations decreased from a median of 62 mg L⁻¹-27 mg L⁻¹ since 1980. The magnitude of DOM increase was positively correlated with average DOM concentration (R² = 0.79, p < 0.001). Simultaneously, DOM concentration was positively correlated with the proportion of Histosols within the catchments (R² = 0.79, p < 0.001). A focus on the direct removal of DOM by water treatment procedures rather than catchment remediation is needed.     

Changes of Soil Enzyme Activities By Simulated Acid and Nitrogen Deposition

Effects of acid and nitrogen depositions on soil microbial activities were studied in a laboratory-based experiment. Five treatments were added to forest soil for five weeks, and soil enzyme activities were determined along with chemical properties. There was little change in pH and nitrogen availability. Dehydrogenase, phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities were decreased by all the acidic treatments compared to the control, while urease activity was increased by the pH 4 treatment. at the same pH treatment, different nitric acid contents induced different urease activities. the results suggest that acid deposition would inhibit microbial activities and that more study is needed to elucidate the impact on nitrogen cycling in forests.     

泥石流堆积模式的试验研究

泥石流的堆积形态和范围是泥石流危险区划分的重要参数,它们不仅与泥石流体浓度（Ｇｖｔ）、下游流路坡度（Ｑｕ）有关,还与流通过 坡度（Ｑｃ和冲出量有关。本文通过小型水槽试验,求得了泥石流堆积范围与形态比的堆积模式,并根据野外测量的堆积形态进行了泥石流体浓度的计算和验证,该模式可为泥石流防治工程的设计提供有科学依据的参数。     

长江中游水沙灾害形成机理研究

对长江中游泥沙输移规律进行了综合分析,建立了螺山至汉口河段和洞庭湖区泥沙淤积比霽与三口分沙比λS之间的定量关系.通过分析得知.洞庭湖区和螺山至汉口河段各时期多年平均泥沙淤积总量基本保持在180×106t,分沙比的减小调整了上述河段与洞庭湖区之间的淤积关系,使洞庭湖区减少淤积的泥沙转移到上述河段淤积.在此基础上对长江中游泥沙淤积与该区域水位抬高进行了计算分析.文章指出,长江中游防洪的核心是如何正确处理宜昌每年多来的180×106t泥沙淤积问题.     

重庆市汞污染的观测研究

为研究重庆市区汞污染状况,2004年9~11月,同步观测了重庆市近郊铁山坪小流域（TSP）和观音桥(GYQ)两个区域的全沉降、穿透水、地表径流和土壤中的总汞含量,估算了小流域中汞的输入输出通量,分析了城区和郊区的大气汞沉降和分布特征。结果表明,重庆已在一定程度上受到汞污染。在TSP,湿沉降是汞输入的主要方式,也就是说,在TSP,细颗粒是大气汞的主要来源,表层土则是大气汞的一个主要的汇。GYQ区域的汞污染比TSP相对严重。在GYQ,除了湿沉降以外,干沉降是汞来源的重要形式,表明在GYQ,粗颗粒可能对大气汞有很大的贡献。因此,本地源的排放对城区的影响比对郊区的影响大,尤其是城区火电站附近的土壤样品比郊区土壤的汞含量高很多,说明火电站是大气汞的重要来源之一。     

海水中可溶性硫化物的快速分光光度法测定

在Zn(CH3COO)2和NaOH溶液固定硫化物和硼砂缓冲液加强沉淀效果的基础上,提出用离心法将硫化物从溶液中分离出来,采用亚甲基蓝法测定水样中硫化物浓度的方法.该方法具有速度快,操作简单,准确度和回收率高的特点,用于浑浊海水中硫离子测定,收到满意效果.     

水膜预湿行为对典型保温材料燃烧抑制实验研究

为探索喷淋形成水膜的预湿行为对外立面典型保温材料燃烧抑制机理,采用自建水膜预湿抑制保温材料燃烧实验装置,研究外加辐射作用下,水膜流率对聚苯乙烯(PS)保温材料表面出现干斑、变形和熔融的影响规律.结果表明:实验结束时PS材料表面水膜出现干斑、材料发生变形和熔融面积占比均与无量纲辐射强度呈正相关;PS材料表面水膜出现干斑、...     

集成电路产业含氟废水处理工程

介绍采用三级反应一级沉淀为主体工艺,处理集成电路产业含氟废水的实际应用情况和工程治理效果。实践表明,采用本处理技术,能确保出水水质氟离子浓度达到上海市《污水综合排放标准》(DB31/199-1997)的二级标准,即F-浓度≤10mg/L。     

减少氧化沟弯道沉泥的模拟与研究

针对氧化沟弯道水流流态复杂的特点,分析了弯道横向环流和水流流速在弯道重新分布对污泥沉积的影响,对设置偏置导流墙前后的水流流速分布情况进行模拟比较,探讨了偏置导流墙对减少污泥沉积的机理。