贵阳市二氧化硫和酸沉降污染来源及控制战略

采用一个综合区域空气质量/酸沉降模型,对典型气象条件下贵阳市、贵州省和整个西南地区不同尺度的SO₂控制情景进行模拟.数值模拟结果表明,贵州全省大点源排放是贵阳市酸沉降的最主要贡献者;贵阳市内的大电厂对贵阳市的SO₂污染有一定的贡献,但对硫酸盐浓度和酸沉降贡献则较小.在此基础上,提出了贵阳市酸沉降和SO₂污染的控制对策.      

大渡河上游干旱河谷区生态需水研究

为了预测南水北调西线一期工程实施对下游干旱河谷演变的影响,开展了对泸定县城以上大渡河流域干旱河谷区生态需水的研究,结果表明:①干旱河谷生态需水量为能够维系干旱河谷生态功能的基本环境目标、恢复干旱河谷生态景观的生态系统所需求的水量;②研究区干旱河谷总面积1185.00km₂,其中干暖河谷250.11km₂,干温河谷934.89km₂;③考虑输沙需水时,维持研究区干旱河谷的最小生态需水量为156.3×108m3,其中干暖河谷最小为58.8×108m3,干温河谷最小为97.4×108m3,不考虑输沙需水时,最小生态需水量仅为58.3×108m3;④河道外需水量占总生态需水量的5.7%;⑤考虑输沙需水时,研究区干旱河谷的最小生态需水量占总地表水量的68.84%,不考虑输沙需水时其只占总地表水量的25.68%,对生态脆弱区生态需水进行计算时需考虑输沙需水。     

湿沉降离子平衡参数取值范围的计算

为保证湿沉降监测数据的可靠性及国际间数据的可比性,对不同类型湿沉降监测的离子平衡参数(R₁)的参考值X_R1的范围进行了计算和分析.结果表明,X_R1的取值主要受降水中离子组成、离子浓度以及监测准确性的影响.不同类型降水的X_R1的取值范围有所差别,同一类型降水的X_R1也会因降水中总离子浓度的差别而不同.降水中总离子浓度(C+A)>100μeq/L时,海陆相间型降水的X_R1的取值范围为5%～7%;内陆型降水的X_R1的取值范围为5%～9%;海洋型降水X_R1的取值范围为5%～11%.当(C+A)<50μeq/L时,总离子浓度越小,实验的精密度越差,离子浓度的精密度(ai)值越大.当ai取100%时,X_R1的取值范围为33%~71%.国际间同类降水监测规范比较,(C+A)≥50μeq/L时,_R1的取值基本在X_R1的计算范围内;而(C+A)<50μeq/L时,各个标准之间的差别较大.     

A SCALED HYDRAULIC MODEL OF THE PEACH BOTTOM ATOMIC POWER STATION DISCHARGE1

ABSTRACT: A scaled hydraulic model was used as a schematic representation of the Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station (PBAPS) discharge into Conowingo Pond during critically low river flows. The model approximated flow and temperature patterns and the degree of recirculation are assessed. Under normal operation the effluent is carried downstream and dissipated within about two miles. However, during dry weather years, river inflows can decrease substantially, resulting in unknown recirculation of effluent and flow patterns in Conowingo Pond. This study was conducted to investigate and predict flow patterns in Conowingo Pond under critically dry weather conditions. A threshold river flow is also identified that indicates a measure of the river's ability to maintain downstream advection of the effluent. The study suggests a number of unexpected current patterns, potential recirculation of the effluent, and changes in the dilution of the effluent.     

Removal Efficiency Simulation and Characterization Analysis of Particles Behavior in a Stormwater Wetland During Dry Days： A Case Study in Janghwa-do,Korea

Particles behaviour was monitored and analyzed in a stormwater wetland over a period of 4 months (June-September, 2009). The results indicated that the particles behaviour can be affected by many proce...     

Lichen-based critical loads for atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Western Oregon and Washington Forests, USA

Critical loads (CLs) define maximum atmospheric deposition levels apparently preventative of ecosystem harm. We present first nitrogen CLs for northwestern North America’s maritime forests. Using multiple linear regression, we related epiphytic-macrolichen community composition to: 1) wet deposition from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 2) wet, dry, and total N deposition from the Communities Multi-Scale Air Quality model, and 3) ambient particulate N from Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). Sensitive species declines of 20-40% were associated with CLs of 1-4 and 3-9 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in wet and total deposition. CLs increased with precipitation across the landscape, presumably from dilution or leaching of depositional N. Tight linear correlation between lichen and IMPROVE data suggests a simple screening tool for CL exceedance in US Class I areas. The total N model replicated several US and European lichen CLs and may therefore be helpful in estimating other temperate-forest lichen CLs.     

Deposition and Resuspension of Selected Aerosols Particles on Electrically Charged Filter Materials for Respiratory Protective Devices

The primary aim of the study was to analyse the non-steady state of filtration for selected electrostatic filter materials designed for use in respiratory protective devices. The obtained results showed that the filtration process in electrostatic filters was dependent in the main on the following factors: type of the filter material, electrostatic field strength of the material, and the charge of the aerosol.

To a lesser degree the filtration process depended on the sign of the charge and the relative humidity of the air. A significant correlation was found between the increase in the penetration and the decrease in breathing resistance while the filter was being loaded.

The effect of resuspension (tearing off and re-deposition of dust agglomerates inside the filter) on the filtration process very significant. It was also observed that under certain conditions electrostatic filter materials lost their protection properties.     

Effects of soil warming and nitrogen deposition on leaf and soil stoichiometric characteristics of Cunninghamia lanceolata saplings北大核心CSCD

Warming and nitrogen deposition directly or indirectly affect the plant-soil element cycle under global change. To examine the effects of warming and nitrogen deposition on leaf and soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) contents, and their stoichiometric ratios in Cunninghamia lanceolata saplings, four types of treatments were assigned: control (CT), warming (W, + 4 ºC), nitrogen deposition (N, 40 kg ha-1 a-1), and warming + nitrogen deposition (WN) treatments. The results showed that: (1) compared with CT, W treatment significantly decreased leaf P content by 54.54% and increased leaf C/P and N/P by 85.26% and 83.39%, respectively; WN treatment significantly decreased leaf C content and P content by 1.99% and 51.03%, respectively, but increased the leaf C/P by 68.01% with no significant differences in leaf N content among treatments. The leaf N/P ratio of each treatment was less than 10, but that of the W and WN treatments were closer to 10 than that of the CT treatment. Meanwhile, W and WN treatments significantly increased tree height. (2) No significant differences were observed in soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents among treatments. Compared with CT, W treatment significantly decreased soil C/N by 4.09%, while neither W nor WN treatment affected soil C/P and N/P. W treatment increased the available soil content compared to CT treatment. (3) The correlation analysis showed that leaf N content was significantly negatively correlated with soil C/N in the CT treatment; in the W treatment leaf N content and N/P were significantly positively correlated with soil TN and TP content, respectively. Leaf N content was significantly negatively correlated with soil TC and TN in the N treatment, and leaf contents had no significant correlation with soil C, N, and P contents or their stoichiometric characteristics in the WN treatment. This study showed that N limitation still exists in C. lanceolata saplings. Warming and the interaction between warming and nitrogen deposition could alleviate N limitation and promote the growth of C. lanceolata. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

2000~2018年我国大气重金属沉降通量时空变化特征

大气沉降物中的重金属对土壤环境的影响不容忽视.为研究我国大气重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）沉降通量现状及时空变化特征,基于中国知网和Web of Science数据库收集了2001~2021年公开发表的大气重金属沉降通量文献99篇,各重金属元素监测点718~1672个.采用Meta-analysis方法计算中国大气重金属沉降通量加权均值,运用亚组分析法研究了2000~2018年不同时期大气沉降通量时空变化,对比分析了农业农村区、城市区和工业区等不同类型区的组间差异.结果表明,我国大气重金属年沉降通量［mg·（m²·a）^-1］为：Zn （96.75）>Pb （23.37）>Cu （12.77）>Cr （11.04）>Ni （6.61）>As （2.97）>Cd （0.48）>Hg （0.05）,2000~2018年沉降通量总体估计值高于1995~1998年英国乡村地区;工业区和城市区的沉降通量显著高于农业农村区,工业区大气重金属污染较为严重;长株潭地区As和Cd的沉降通量较高,东北地区、珠三角和华北平原大气重金属沉降通量较其它区域严重;近20年来Cd的年沉降通量均值在总体均值附近波动,无明显下降趋势;其中,城市区和农业农村区的Cd沉降通量呈增加趋势.本文建议结合区域产业结构特征建立分级分类分区的大气排放精准治理和风险管控措施,针对当前大气Cd沉降通量较大的问题实行更加严格的限制性措施.     

Modelling the dynamic air-water-sediment coupled fluxes and occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls in a high altitude lake

The BIODEP model in terms of atmosphere-lake interactions was developed. The model was applied to an oligotrophic, dimictic high altitude lake (Lake Redo, Pyrenees) for a range of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. High altitude lakes, which receive their contaminant inputs uniquely from the atmosphere through long-range atmospheric transport, provide ideal controlled environments for the study of the interactions between atmospheric depositional and water column biogeochemical processes. The BIODEP model was able to predict dissolved water concentrations and PCB accumulation in the lake sediment within a factor of 2. This shows that the BIODEP model captures the essential processes driving the sink of POPs in high altitude lakes and that POP occurrence in the lake is driven by direct atmospheric inputs with limited influence from the watershed. An important seasonal variability in water column concentrations is predicted which should have important implications in sampling strategies. Furthermore, it is shown that diffusive air-water exchange dominated the PCB dynamics in the lake, especially for the less chlorinated biphenyls.