博斯腾湖流域大气多环芳烃污染特征、干沉降通量及来源

本研究使用大气被动采样器(PAS-PUF)和干沉降被动采样器(PAS-DD),分别于2016年采暖期和2017年非采暖期对新疆博斯腾湖流域及周边地区15种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)大气浓度和干沉降进行了观测,并对其污染特征和来源进行了研究.结果表明,采暖期和非采暖期博斯腾湖流域PAHs大气浓度范围分别为6. 38～245. 43 ng·m~(-3)和2. 33～74. 76ng·m~(-3);采暖期与非采暖期均呈现出居民区湖泊周边塔中的空间分布.采暖期和非采暖期PAHs大气干沉降通量范围分别为0. 45～18. 10μg·(m~2·d)-1和0. 25～8. 15μg·(m~2·d)-1;采暖期居民区PAHs干沉降通量比湖泊周边和塔中采样点高,但在非采暖期塔中采样点高于其它采样点.整体而言,博斯腾湖流域大气及干沉降中PAHs在采暖期显著高于非采暖期,在采暖期与非采暖期均以菲(Phe)、芴(Flu)、荧蒽(Flua)和芘(Pyr)等3～4环PAHs为主.比值法源解析结果显示,博斯腾湖流域大气和干沉降中PAHs主要来源于煤炭和生物质燃烧; HYSPLIT前向和后向轨迹模拟结果表明,非采暖期居民区较高PAHs排放通过大气传输到达博斯腾湖区,经大气干沉降进入水体,可能会对博斯腾湖水生环境造成影响.     

Assessing the costs and environmental benefits of IMO regulations of ship-originated SOx and NOx emissions in the Baltic Sea

To assess the value of the environmental benefits of the Sulphur Emission regulation (SECA) that came into force in 2015, changes in depositions of SOx and NOx from ship exhaust gas emissions were modelled and monetized for the Baltic Sea region for the years 2014 and 2016. During this period, the total deposition of SOx in the study area decreased by 7.3%. The decrease in ship-originated SOx deposition from 38 kt to 3.4 kt (by over 88%) was translated into a monetary value for the ecosystem impacts of nearly 130 million USD, according to the EcoValue08 model. This is less than the modelled health benefits, but it is not insignificant. For NOx, there was no decreasing trend. The exceedance of the critical loads of SOx and NOx was also estimated. The effect of Baltic shipping on the exceedance of critical loads of acidification after SECA is very small, but Baltic shipping still has a considerable effect on the exceedance of critical loads for eutrophication.     

丹江口水库淅川库区大气无机氮干沉降特征

大气氮沉降是氮素生物地球化学循环中的重要环节,也是水库水体外源氮输入的重要来源之一。以丹江口水库淅川库区为研究区,在库区周围设置6个采样点,于2019年10月至2020年9月期间采集并分析大气氮干沉降样品,探讨无机氮干沉降的时空分布特征及其对水库水体外源氮输入的贡献。研究结果表明:库区无机氮干沉降量为16.30kg/(hm²·a),其中氨氮占比77%,硝氮占比23%,两者比值的变化范围为2.09(1月)～7.65(7月);氨氮沉降量在季节上表现出极显著差异性,硝氮、氨氮沉降量在空间上表现出显著差异性;气象要素(温度、气压、风向、相对湿度和水汽压)是影响氨氮沉降量的重要因素;无机氮沉降量占河流总氮入库量的7.28%,氨氮沉降量占河流氨氮入库量的38.10%;水库水体氮浓度对无机氮沉降响应的净增量为0.06mg/(L·a);库区氮沉降的削减策略须以农业减排为主,未来水库的水质保护需要重点考虑农业活动的影响。     

区域氮干沉降分布特征的数值模拟

氮沉降对全球尺度的粮食生产、碳氮循环及大气环境质量均具有重要影响.本研究采用WRF-Chem模式对区域氮沉降过程进行数值 模拟,着重分析氮干沉降的时空分布特征.结果表明：在空间场上,我国氮干沉降主要体现出东高西低的特点,华北平原和川渝地区为氮沉降高值区,这主要与排放高值区的空间分布有关,NH₃和HNO₃ 沉降量都是在东部最大,这与东部一直以来较高的经济增长速度和农业活动水平有直接联系.从氮的不同组分形式（气态/颗粒态氮或者氧化性/还原性氮）来看,气态氮较颗粒态氮对总氮沉降的贡献更大,贡献比达66%; 相较氧化性氮,还原性氮对总氮沉降的贡献较大,贡献比为57%.进一步分析不同下垫面类型的氮干沉降结果,气态氮的干沉降均是在城市和农田下垫面上更高.NH₃ 干沉降通量主要受排放源影响,HNO₃ 干沉降通量则受气象条件影响较大,而排放源和气象条件均有很强的季节性 变化.NH₄⁺和NO₃^-在森林下垫面上的干沉降通量远多于其它类型的下垫面,这主要是因为森林下垫面粗糙度比较大,相应的摩擦速度也较大,湍流比较活跃,有利于粒子污染物的沉积.     

Mercury accumulation and dynamics in montane forests along an elevation gradient in Southwest China

Understanding atmospheric mercury (Hg) accumulation in remote montane forests is critical to assess the Hg ecological risk to wildlife and human health. To quantify impacts of vegetation, climatic and topographic factors on Hg accumulation in montane forests, we assessed the Hg distribution and stoichiometric relations among Hg, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) in four forest types along the elevation of Mt. Gongga. Our results show that Hg concentration in plant tissues follows the descending order of litter > leaf, bark > root > branch > bole wood, indicating the importance of atmospheric Hg uptake by foliage for Hg accumulation in plants. The foliar Hg/C (from 237.0 ± 171.4 to 56.8 ± 27.7 µg/kg) and Hg/N (from 7.5 ± 3.9 to 2.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg) both decrease along the elevation. These elevation gradients are caused by the heterogeneity of vegetation uptake of atmospheric Hg and the variation of atmospheric Hg° concentrations at different altitudes. Organic soil Hg accumulation is controlled by forest types, topographic and climatic factors, with the highest concentration in the mixed forest (244.9 ± 55.7 µg/kg) and the lowest value in the alpine forest (151.9 ± 44.5 µg/kg). Further analysis suggests that soil Hg is positively correlated to C (r² = 0.66) and N (r² = 0.57), and Hg/C and Hg/N both increase with the soil depth. These stoichiometric relations highlight the combined effects from environmental and climatic factors which mediating legacy Hg accumulation and selective Hg absorption during processes of organic soil mineralization.     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

用苔藓氮含量和氮同位素值指示庐山大气氮沉降

对庐山风景区不同海拔高度(263～1 400 m)上31个石生苔藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)氮含量〔w(TN),以干质量计〕和氮同位素值(δ15N)进行了分析. 苔藓w(TN)与海拔高度(L_altitude)的关系〔w(TN)=3.11-7.85×10-4L_altitude〕表明,在庐山风景区,随着海拔高度的升高,苔藓w(TN)呈逐渐下降趋势. 根据前人研究的苔藓w(TN)与大气氮沉降量的定量关系,估算出庐山山顶和山脚的大气氮沉降量分别为24.61和41.72 kg/(hm2·a). 苔藓δ15N在-4‰～-2‰范围出现的频率最高,表明庐山风景区大气氮沉降主要来源于农业或自然土壤中氮的释放.      

SHEDS-PM模型模拟杭州市人群PM10暴露水平

以杭州市为例,利用美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)国家暴露研究实验室(NERL)所开发的颗粒物人类暴露剂量随机模拟模型(SHEDS-PM),考察了人群在不同微环境中的PM₁₀暴露水平. 结合室外环境ρ(PM₁₀₎模拟结果、相关微环境参数和人群活动特征,对研究区域2004年不同季节室外环境、室内环境(住宅、办公室、学校、商店、餐馆)以及机动车内PM₁₀暴露水平进行了模拟. 结果表明:PM₁₀暴露量、吸入量和沉积量与ρ(PM₁₀₎日均值呈正相关;1月PM₁₀暴露量、吸入量和沉积量最大,分别为18.22,326.99和277.46 μg/m3>/sup>,三者在住宅环境中的剂量最大;不同微环境PM₁₀平均沉积速率有明显差异.      

孟津电厂脱硫项目的工程设计特点

针对孟津脱硫项目无旁路烟道,场地规划小的特点,从主机、工艺、设备、运行等角度全面设计提高该脱硫项目的设计可靠性,以更好的适应主机的运行需要,对于无旁路烟道的脱硫设计提供了一些很好的设计思路,同时建议对于脱硫装置中有干磨系统的设计应更加慎重,特别是在小场地项目中,需要预留出足够的规划场地。     

Particulate matter and metals partitioning in highway rainfall-runoff

This study investigated the particulate matter (PM) and metals in highway dry deposition and rainfall-runoff as a function of hydrologic transport and settling on an event basis. Events were differentiated as mass-limited (ML) and flow-limited (FL). Results indicate that unique and separate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) relationships with turbidity occurred for ML and FL events. Sixty minutes of quiescent settling produced a single SSC-turbidity relationship for all events. ML events transport higher proportions of settleable and sediment PM while FL events transported relatively higher suspended PM. For batch clarification with one hour of settling, ML events had generally higher treatment efficiencies compared to FL events for the same settling conditions. Highway dry deposition PM was hetero-disperse and coarse (d _{50 m} = 304 μm). Results indicate that the acidic rainfall is not a significant contributor to metals in runoff but is capable of leaching metals from dry deposition PM into runoff. Partitioning in retained runoff resulted in a particulate-bound predominance for most metals except Ca and Mg. While the finer fraction of dry deposition PM (< 75 μm) generates the highest metal concentrations, the highest metal mass is associated with the coarser fraction (> 75 μm).