印染污泥干燥过程中挥发分冷凝液的研究

对某印染废水处理厂的污泥进行模拟干燥处理,以产生的挥发分冷凝液为研究对象来考察干燥温度和干燥程度对印染污泥干燥过程中污染物产生的影响。随着干燥温度的升高,挥发分冷凝液COD、NH3-N含量均升高,且在140℃至160℃时升高较快,分别为177～262 mg/L,100～130 mg/L,而pH较稳定。污泥含水率从65%干燥至5%时,挥发分冷凝液的COD、NH3-N含量升高不明显,分别为176～190 mg/L、85～105 mg/L。干燥温度比干燥程度更能影响印染污泥干燥过程中污染物的产生。     

钢渣中磁性矿物的赋存特性对分选效果的影响研究

对新余钢铁公司0～10 mm的细粒钢渣干式磁选分离所得到的产品进行扫描电镜检测、分析,找出了影响细粒钢渣干式磁选指标难以得到提高的原因,用于指导生产实践。研究结果表明:钢渣在干式磁选过程中,包裹有微细粒的金属铁或与金属铁连生的浮氏体以及具有一定磁性的铁酸盐容易进入磁性分离物中,这些物质自身铁品位较低,从而造成了磁性分离物中铁品位的降低。     

黄海千里岩岛大气湿沉降营养盐的研究

于2009~2010年对黄海千里岩岛的雨水进行了收集,测定了其pH值、NH4+、NO3- + NO2-、SiO32-和PO43-的含量,讨论了黄海西部湿沉降的酸雨状况、营养盐各组分浓度的变化特征、沉降通量以及对黄海初级生产力的贡献.结果表明,大气湿沉降中58%的样品5.6相似文献   

林下凋落物去除与施氮对针叶林和阔叶林土壤氮的影响

通过野外模拟试验,选择中亚热带针叶林(杉木林)和阔叶林(浙江桂林和罗浮栲林)森林生态系统,设3个施氮水平CK(对照)、低氮〔30kg/(hm2·a) 〕和高氮〔100kg/(hm2·a)〕及2个凋落物处理,研究施氮对土壤主要形态氮质量分数的影响、动态变化及凋落物在其中的作用. 结果表明:与CK相比,高氮处理可瞬时(3d)提高森林土壤氮质量分数,但施氮后持续效应的影响降低. 与保留凋落物相比,去除凋落物在施氮的持续效应中,可降低阔叶林土壤w(铵态氮)18.2%,而杉木林土壤的氮质量分数则略有升高.去除凋落物下施氮的持续和瞬时效应可增加各种林下土壤的w(硝态氮),其中浙江桂林土壤w(硝态氮)分别增加58.9%和38.2%,罗浮栲林土壤分别增加7.0%和30.0%,杉木林土壤分别增加-17.1%和9.0%. 可见凋落物在施氮连续事件中存在复杂的短期和长期相互影响. 阔叶林土壤w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)较高,并且其微生物w(SON)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于杉木林土壤,而杉木林土壤微生物w(铵态氮)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于阔叶林土壤.      

模拟氮沉降对入侵植物薇甘菊叶绿素荧光参数的影响

大气氮沉降的增加会对某些生态系统造成严重影响。入侵植物薇甘菊的蔓延是近年来威胁我国林业安全的一大难题。氮沉降量的增加可能会对薇甘菊光合作用效率产生影响。为进一步了解两者之间的关系,以NH4NO3（分析纯）为氮源,对生长着薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）的木荷（Schima superba）人工林试验地进行模拟氮沉降处理。试验设置3个氮沉降试验组,分别为对照组N0（N：0 g·m-2·a-1）,试验组N5（N：5 g·m-2·a-1）和N10（N：10 g·m-2·a-1）,根据当地降水情况计算并定量人工喷施。于2013年6、8和11月分别测定试验地内薇甘菊的各项叶绿素荧光参数指标。结果显示,（1）各月份间,除非光化学猝灭（qN）6月份数值低于11月份外,各指标基本表现为8月份最高,6月份次之,11月份值最低的规律。在低温,相对干旱的11月,薇甘菊生长末期,氮素的增加对薇甘菊光合效率提高的帮助尤为明显。（2）各试验组间,N0组各指标值均低于N5组与N10组,氮沉降量的增加能够促进薇甘菊光合作用效率的提高,会对薇甘菊的生长具有促进作用。（3）试验组N5组与N10组之间无一致规律性,推测过高的氮素可能会抑制薇甘菊的生长。此推论有待于进一步实验证明。（4）在试验地自然条件下,大气氮沉降量的升高会促进薇甘菊光合作用效率的提高。该文可为大气氮沉降增加的生态影响的研究和薇甘菊入侵生态学研究提供一定的理论依据。     

Characteristics of pollutants behavior in a stormwater constructed wetland during dry days

A stormwater wetland treating non-point source pollution (NPS) from a 64 ha agricultural watershed was monitored over a period of five months. The results indicated that pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were increased in the wetland due to the algal growth. The highest total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was observed in the aeration pond due to the resuspension of solids, decreased in the wetland. The respective decreases in total nitrogen (TN) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 15.9% and 28.7% on passing through the wetland. The nitrate and ammonia were increased by 45.4% and decreased by 79.9%, respectively. These variations provided strong evidence for the existence of nitrification. The total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate had respective reductions of 52.3% and 58.2% over the wetland. The total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were also decreased. Generally, the TN, TP and phosphate removal efficiencies were positive. These positive removal efficiencies were mainly due to microbial activities, uptake by plants, and chemical precipitation at high pH. Negative removal efficiencies can be caused by continuous rainfall activities, with short antecedent dry days (ADDs) and unstable hydraulic conditions, some other biogeochemical transformations and algal growth also being important parameters.     

Enhancement of sludge gravitational thickening with weak ultrasound

Gravitational thickening is the prevailing method to reduce sludge volume but the process is slow and usually requires addition of polyelectrolyte(s). This paper investigated the potential benefits of sonication on enhancing the sludge gravitational thickening with very low energy dose, so called “weak ultrasound”. Results showed that weak sonication significantly changed the sludge settlability and the main mechanism was release of the loosely bounded extracellular polymeric substances. The changes in sludge behaviors by sonication were strongly influenced by power density and sonication duration. Lower sound frequency was slightly better than higher frequency. Weak sonication (<680 kJ·kg^-1 DS) improved the sludge gravitational thickening while high ultrasonic energy deteriorated the process. Considering both the sludge thickening efficiency and energy consumption, the optimum conditions were 0.15 W·mL^-1, 7 s, and 25 kHz. Under such conditions, the energy dose was only 155 kJ·kg^-1 DS, much lower than literature reports, and the sludge settling time was shortened from 24 h to 12?h. Weak sonication could substitute expensive polyelectrolyte coagulant for sludge thickening. Combination of weak sonication and polyelectrolyte could further reduce the settling time to 6 h. The final water content of the thickened sludge was not changed after sonication or polyelectrolyte addition.     

Laboratory study on high-temperature adsorption of HCI by dry-injection of Ca（OH）2 in a dual-layer granular bed filter

Combustion-generated hydrogen chloride （HCl） is considered to be a very hazardous acid gaseous pollutant. This paper presents a laboratory study on the dry adsorption of HCl. The experiments were conducted in a dual-layer granular bed filter, at gas temperatures of 500℃-700℃ and n（Ca）/n（Cl）molar ratios of 1.0-5.0 using the silver nitrate titration method by dry adsorbent powders Ca（OH）2. Mainly, the adsorption efficiency of HCI and utilization efficiency of Calcium were studied, by varying relevant factors including n（Ca）/n（Cl）, tempera- ture, feeding method, water vapor and CO2. With a relatively higher HCl concentration of 1000ppm, the experimental results revealed that 600℃ may be the optimum temperature for HCl adsorption when optimum n （Ca）/n（Cl） was 2.5 in our tests. The results also demonstrated that the feeding at a constant pressure was more effective, and the HCl adsorption efficiency could rapidly reach over 90% with n（Ca）/n（Cl） = 2.5 at 600℃. Furthermore, the HCl adsorption efficiency was found to be slightly promoted by water vapor, while could be impeded by CO2, and the utilization efficiency of calcium could be up to 74.4% without CO2, while was only 36.8% with CO2 when n（Ca）/n（Cl） was 2.5 at 600℃.     

南京市大气沉降中重金属特征及对土壤环境的影响

为明确城市大气重金属沉降对土壤环境的影响,在对南京市6个典型城市功能区连续4a大气(干、湿)沉降中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni)含量、通量、时空变异等方面研究的基础上,结合不同功能区表土重金属含量与土壤剖面206Pb/207Pb特征,分析其在城市土壤的累积特征.研究显示,Cu、Zn和Pb在大气沉降中强烈富集,其中又以Cu和Pb为潜在生态危害的关键元素.大气沉降导致除在相对未受城市人为活动影响的风景区外各功能区表土重金属均有明显富集,这种富集受大气沉降重金属含量和沉降量的共同影响.土壤累积模式预测钢铁工业区表土受大气重金属沉降影响的长期累积增量最大,以Zn和Pb最明显.钢铁工业区土壤剖面Pb含量和同位素特征显示表层20cm土体受大气沉降影响明显,206Pb/207Pb二元模型与预测模式对定量大气Pb沉降的土壤影响结果较一致,表明土壤中某些重金属的累积与大气沉降密切相关.     

塔里木河流域枯水年生态调水方式及生态补偿研究

近年来塔里木河流域大规模水土资源开发导致水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐,特别在枯水年,生态及社会安全受到严重威胁,亟需通过提出科学合理的生态调水方式及生态补偿方案来化解这一矛盾。论文利用塔里木河“四源一干”的地表径流、断面引退水、地下水埋深、气象等资料及干流下游流域内的遥感影像数据,根据水量平衡原理计算了各河流的河损及干流下游的生态需水量,提出了枯水年流域水量分配方案,确定了流域枯水年生态调水方式及相应的生态补偿方案。结果表明：1）在特枯水年,下游需水量为7.01×10⁸ m³,至少挤占上游源流10.70×10⁸ m³水才能保障,从上游源流调水至干流单方水的总效益和经济效益将分别减少38.2%和81.2%,因此该调水方式是不合理的,应改从开都-孔雀河调水以满足下游用水;2）调水后上游源流对开都-孔雀河单方水的补偿量为3.4元。研究可为流域水资源的高效开发、利用和管理提供科学依据。