施肥对印楝人工林生长及土壤肥力的影响

以3年生印楝人工林为研究对象,对该林分所在的林地进行施肥试验,设置了9个施肥处理和一个不施肥对照,运用当年树高和胸径生长量、土壤养分和生物指标讨论了施肥对干热河谷印楝人工林生长及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:(1)3年生印楝人工林树高和胸径生长对施肥的反应存在差异,方差分析和多重比较表明,单施氮肥(处理1、处理2、处理3)和混合施肥(处理7、处理8、处理9)的当年胸径生长量均与对照处理差异显著,而当年树高生长量差异不显著;(2)合理施肥不仅可改善土壤酸碱性和土壤微环境,增强土壤酶活性和提高土壤微生物数量,还可提高林地土壤肥力,防治印楝人工林地力衰退;(3)不同施肥处理对林地土壤肥力的影响不同,氮、磷肥混施是提高林地土壤肥力综合指数最好的施肥方式。     

环境试验设备参数测量──盐雾交变试验设备

分析盐雾交变试验设备的功能和实际使用情况,得出其参数测量可依据的相关标准。基于盐雾污染影响干湿球法测量湿度的事实,提示湿度测量时应注意盐雾污染。分析干湿球系数对干湿球法测量湿度的影响和通风速度对干湿球系数的影响,提示对采用自然空气对流恒温恒湿的盐雾交变试验设备的湿度测量,注意干湿球系数A值对湿度测量的影响。同时,对空气自然对流的干湿球湿度表的干湿球系数A值的标定,提出一种简易的方法。     

生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价原理与方法

介绍了敏感性及生态系统对酸沉降的绝对敏感性和相对敏感性的概念,概念了水体和土壤对酸沉降绝对敏感性评价的方法。通过分析比较生态系统中各生态子对酸沉降的缓冲能力,担子同建立生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价的基本原理,并介绍了建立的评价才近期的发展。     

重庆市酸沉降污染经济损失估算

重庆市酸沉降降污染严重,为确定其造成的经济损失,经经济社会发展决策提供依据和拟订,选择满意的防治姑人群健康和农林污染危害调查,材料挂片耐蚀试验,模拟酸沉降实验等基础上,用人力资本法,市场价值法和投入产出损益比较法进行估算。     

灰色系统模型在大气环境质量预测中的应用

把大气环境作为一个灰色系统,建立GM(1,1)预测模型,对大气中的降尘及总悬浮物做出科学的预测,并进行灰色模型的精度检验。      

陆地生态系统酸沉降缓冲能力影响因素

陆地生态系统对酸沉降的缓冲作用主要由土壤和植被完成。影响两者缓冲能力的因素不仅仅局限于土壤的有关性质,故应全面考察影响缓冲能力的各种因素,其中包括土壤、植被和气候因素。     

Bayesian estimation of European sulphur emissions using monitoring data and an acid deposition model

A statistical method for estimating national emissions of acidifying air pollutants in Europe is presented. The method uses an acid deposition model to match official emissions data from European countries and measured depositions from a monitoring network. An application to 1990 sulphate data demonstrates the method and suggests some tendencies in the reported emissions. The proposed framework may prove useful for verifying national compliance with emissions standards, and the method should be applicable also to other substances than sulphur dioxide. The problem of designing an optimal monitoring network may also be assessed within the proposed statistical framework.     

FOG AND ACIDIFICATION IMPACTS ON ION BUDGETS OF BASINS IN NOVA SCOTIA,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: We examined hydrogeochemical records for a dozen watersheds in and near Kejimkujik National Park in southwestern Nova Scotia by relating stream ion concentrations and fluxes to atmospheric deposition, stream type (lake inlet versus outlet; brown versus clear water), and watershed type (catchment area, topography, soils, and dominant forest cover type). We found that fog and dry deposition make important contributions to S, N, Cl, H, Ca, Mg, K, and Na inputs into these watersheds. Seasalt chloride deposition from rain, snow, fog, and dry deposition equal total stream outputs on a region‐wide basis. Chloride outputs, however, differ among watersheds by a factor of about two, likely due to local differences in air flow and vegetational fog interception. We found that most of the incoming N is absorbed by the vegetation, as stream water NO3^‐ and NH4⁺ are very low. Our results also show that the vegetation and the soils absorb about half of the incoming SO4². In comparison with other North American watersheds with similar forest vegetation, Ca outputs are low, while Mg and K outputs are similar to other regions. Soil exchangeable Ca and soil cation exchange capacity are also very low. We found that first‐order forest streams with no upstream lakes have a distinct seasonal pattern that neither corresponds with the seasonal pattern of atmospheric deposition, nor with the seasonal pattern of downstream lake outlets.     

长春市城区重金属大气干湿沉降特征

为弄清长春市城区重金属大气干湿沉降特征,于2006年5月26日—2007年6月12日采用被动采样技术分采暖期和非采暖期共收集大气干湿沉降样品24件,采用全谱直读电感藕合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光度法(AFS),分析了其w(As),w(Hg),w(Cd),w(Cu),w(Pb),w(Zn)和w(Cr). 结果表明:长春市大气干湿沉降样品中w(As),w(Cd),w(Cr),w(Cu),w(Hg),w(Pb)和w(Zn)分别为38.9,2.24,92.3,76.2,0.27,115.2和462 mg/kg,均明显高于表层土壤,且w(Cu),w(Hg),w(Pb)和w(Zn)在采暖期均显著低于非采暖期;经估算,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb和Zn大气年干湿沉降量的平均值分别为4.79,0.25,10.67,8.22,0.030,12.31和48.15 mg/(m2·a),明显高于北美和欧洲,且As,Cd和Cr在采暖期的日均干湿沉降量高于非采暖期;根据目前的重金属大气干湿沉降速率估算,重金属大气干湿沉降有可能造成长春市表层土壤中重金属不同程度的累积,其中Zn的累积最为明显.      

鼎湖山无机氮湿沉降来源研究

针对2007年3—8月鼎湖山站的降水资料,分析了鼎湖山春夏两季氮沉降特征及其来源. 结果表明:研究期间鼎湖山NO₃--N和NH₄＋-N的降水量加权平均质量浓度分别为0.59和1.03mg/L,其中春季湿沉降中ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(NH₄＋-N)的平均值分别为0.78和1.54 mg/L,分别是夏季的2.17和1.67倍;降水ρ(NO₃-)与ρ(NH₄＋)呈显著正相关,与降水pH呈负相关. 利用气团轨迹后推以及天气形势分析得出,影响鼎湖山氮湿沉降的主要因素是陆地性降水,其ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(NH₄＋-N)分别为0.75和1.43 mg/L,分别是海洋性降水的1.57和2.26倍;氮沉降通量分别为3.28和6.26 kg/hm2,分别占总无机氮沉降负荷的56.0%和64.6%.进一步利用气团后向轨迹对海洋性和陆地性降水进行云下气团分类,结果表明,陆地性NE方向的气团对鼎湖山氮的输送及沉降负荷最大.