生态系统对酸沉降敏感性评价方法与进展

评述水体、土壤和整个生态系统对酸沉降敏感性评价的各种方法,这些方法用系统 的不同物理化学性质表征它们缓冲酸输入的能力。     

Measurement of Atmospheric Deposition Under Forest Canopies: Some Recommendations for Equipment and Sampling Design

Quantification of the forest water flux provides valuable information for the understanding of forest ecosystem functioning. As such, throughfall (and stemflow to a lesser extent) has been frequently measured. Although throughfall collection may seem relatively simple, the requirements to obtain reliable estimates are often underestimated. This review addresses the criteria to take into account when working out the sampling procedure, from the selection of equipment to implementation in the field. Sound sampling of the forest water flux is difficult due to its high spatial and temporal variation. The high costs entailed by the ideal sampling design often prohibit its implementation. Different procedures are available, some of which are compromises between the aim of the study (monitoring or experimental study, short or long term objectives, absolute or relative estimates, quality of the assessment to be achieved) and the available means.     

干式电选工艺在化工矿山中的应用研究

在详细分析原矿性质的基础上,采用悬浮电选机干式作业对磷矿石进行富集。试验结果表明,磷矿石经一粗一精一扫电选作业后可得到品位为30．23％的磷精矿,其回收率为83．26％。干式电选工艺无废水产生,而且工艺简单,分选指标好,是磷矿石富集的重点处理工艺,有很好的工业应用前景。     

模拟酸雨下H+-Ca2+在红壤表面的动力学特征

研究模拟酸雨下H Ca2 在红壤表面的反应动力学吸附特征 ,结果表明 :Ca2 的吸附动力学能很好地用一级动力学方程、抛物线扩散方程和Elovich方程 (R2 >0 97)拟合 .随溶液酸度的增加 ,Ca2 的最大吸附量显著降低 ,Ca2 吸附反应速率控制步骤是离子在颗粒内的扩散 ,扩散速率常数随酸度的增加而下降 .酸溶液pH值为 4 5和 5 6时 ,有H 的释放 ,H 的表观释放量能用一级动力学方程和扩散方程拟合 ,Elovich方程不宜拟合pH 5 6酸处理的动力学数据 ;酸溶液pH值为 3 5和 2 5时 ,有H 的消耗 ,H 消耗总量看作表观消耗量 ,用一级动力学方程、Elovich方程和扩散方程进行拟合 .比较相关系数和标准误差的大小 ,除pH值为 2 5的酸处理用扩散方程拟合结果较差外 ,这 3种动力学模型进行拟合均得到较满意的结果     

物化-生化工艺处理煤气洗涤废水的实验研究

采用物化—生化工艺进行煤气洗涤废水处理实验。实验结果表明;废水经铁盐沉淀、电解及水解酸化工序后,废水的可生化性显著提高,经好氧生化处理后的水质指标符合国家有关排放标准。     

混凝-化学沉淀法处理含氰废水的实验研究

采用“分步混凝 化学沉淀”法处理苯乙腈生产过程中排放的高浓度含氰废水 ,对混凝剂种类、用量、pH、搅拌速率等因素对总氰去除效果的影响进行了探讨 ,找到了此方法处理含亚铁氰化物废水的最佳工艺条件。在最佳工艺条件下处理废水 ,出水无色透明 ,总氰降到 1mg/L以下。该方法工艺简单 ,运行费用低 ,处理效果好 ,是一种具有推广价值的新方法     

降雨对长三角区域PM2.5浓度的影响

利用WRF-CAMx模式分析首届中国国际进口博览会(简称进博会)期间一次降雨过程对长三角地区PM2.5浓度影响,结果表明,降雨量分布区域与因降雨造成的PM2.5浓度减少量分布区域并不完全一致,湿沉降量受降雨量、PM2.5浓度和风速等多个因素共同影响。数值模拟结果表明,降雨导致浓度下降幅度排前5位的组分分别是有机气溶胶、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和细颗粒原生气溶胶,下降幅度分别为44. 28%、16. 55%、11. 55%、9. 53%和5. 23%。结合观测资料和数值模式模拟结果可知,首届进博会期间上海本地减排和周边区域协同控制作用使PM2.5日均质量浓度降低33. 23μg/m3,因降雨引起的湿沉降作用使上海市PM2.5质量浓度降低15. 88μg/m^3。     

新疆大气氮沉降监测研究进展浅析

通过对新疆12个监测点氮沉降研究结果发现,无机活性氮浓度(p NH 4+、p NO 3-、NH 3、NO 2)在不同生态系统存在较大的时空差异,氮沉降通量变化随人为干扰程度呈递增趋势。总结了当前新疆大气氮沉降监测研究进展,包括主要监测方法、不同生态系统大气氮素干沉降的时空差异性分析、大气氮素干湿沉降通量估算。对大气氮素干湿沉降通量的整体估算、不同生态系统的监测常态化等还存在不足,未来评估氮沉降的综合气候效应、定量临界负荷以及生态系统对氮沉降通量急剧增加的响应是今后研究的重点方向。     

Interactions of Atmospheric Deposition with Coniferous Canopies in Estonia

Throughfall and open field bulk precipitation were measured at three coniferous sites during 1995–2002 in the framework of ICP Integrated Monitoring and at five coniferous sites during 1996–2002 in the framework of ICP Forests (Level II). The coniferous canopies acted as a sink for nitrate and ammonium and as a source for base cations: Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺. The estimated share of SO₄–S dry deposition from total deposition was 1.5–4 times higher for dormant period compared to growing period. During the study period average annual throughfall and bulk deposition of SO₄–S decreased significantly, 2.8 and 2.3 times, respectively. Throughfall enrichment with base cations increased in the order Mg < Na < Ca < K. Using Na as a tracer ion, average dry deposition and canopy leaching were calculated. Leaching was the dominant process for TF enrichment by potassium. Leaching of base cations occurred during growing as well as dormant period. The calculated internal flux of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ varied in the range of 0.6–2.0 and 0.6–1.2 kg ha⁻¹ per year in spruce and pine stands, respectively. The internal circulation of K⁺ was significantly higher (8.9–10.9 kg ha⁻¹ per year) in spruce stands than in pine stands (2.7–4.4 kg ha⁻¹ per year).     

废碱性干电池中锌资源的酸法回收工艺研究

利用废碱性干电池中负极活性物质——锌资源,进行了酸性浸出生产饲料级硫酸锌产品的实验研究,探索了反应时间、反应温度、酸浓度对酸浸出反应的影响,及溶液浓度、结晶温度等条件对结晶产物的影响,确定了最佳的反应条件,最终得到优等品级别一水硫酸锌和七水硫酸锌产品。