西宁近郊大气氮干湿沉降研究

本研究在青海省西宁市城郊二十里铺莫家泉湾气象站开展了完整的2年(2014和2015年)大气无机氮干沉降和混合沉降(湿沉降加部分干沉降)监测.干沉降估算通过被动采样器采集的NH_3和NO_2浓度和Geos-Chem全球化学模式模拟的气体干沉降速率相乘获得;混合沉降的测定采用雨量器.结果表明,气态NH_3和NO_2年均浓度分别为8.8μg·m-3和19.6μg·m-3,且2015年NH_3月均浓度显著高于2014年.NH_3浓度的季节变化呈现春夏高、秋冬低的特征,而NO_2浓度季节变化幅度较小.降水中NH_4~+-N和NO-3-N年均浓度为2.2 mg·L~(-1)和1.8 mg·L~(-1),秋季降水NH_4~+-N浓度比其他季节低55%,而NO-3-N浓度在秋冬季比春夏季高约26%.气态NH_3和NO_2的干沉降量分别为9.0 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和2.8 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),降水中NH_4~+-N和NO-3-N的混合沉降量分别为7.6 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和6.2 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).还原态氮(NH_3和NH_4~+-N)在氮沉降中占主导地位.大气氮素总沉降(干沉降加混合沉降)量为25.6 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),为城郊农田提供重要的环境养分;但这一氮素输入量超过了陆地生态系统氮沉降临界负荷[10~20 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)],意味着研究区周边林地(如北山)和水体生态系统面临"氮饱和"的环境风险.     

太湖沼泽化评价方法的建立及应用

为了研究太湖的沼泽化现状,在考虑太湖生态类型空间分布多样性特征的基础上,遵循以水生植物为主、促淤效应为辅的沼泽化评价原则,选取水生植物类型、水生植物生物量、沉积速率、平均水深为指标,构建了沼泽化定量评价体系,并对太湖沼泽化综合指数进行分湖区计算.结果表明,太湖沼泽化程度可分3个水平:处于沼泽化盛期的东太湖,其沼泽化综合指数为2.81,为全湖最高;处于沼泽化前期的东部滨岸区、贡湖和南部沿岸区,其沼泽化综合指数分别为1.36、1.19、1.18;不存在沼泽化问题的梅梁湾、西部沿岸区及湖心区,其沼泽化综合指数分别为0.90、0.79、0.05.对沼泽化程度严重的东太湖有必要采取人工生物量控制、生态清淤、围网养殖规划等减缓沼泽化进程的治理措施.     

氮沉降增加对土壤微生物的影响

综述了国外氮沉降对土壤微生物的影响研究现状，主要从土壤微生物群落结构组成及功能等方面对氮沉降的响应进行了综述，并从微生物对底物的利用模式及碳分配状况，pH值的变化方面初步探讨了土壤微生物对过量氮沉降的响应机制。研究表明，过量氮沉降会给土壤微生物在以下几个方面带来负影响：首先，改变微生物群落结构组成，表现为土壤真菌细菌相关丰富度发生改变，真菌生物量的减少，真菌／细菌生物量比率的减少，土壤微生物量的减少，微生物群落结构发生改变；其次，改变微生物功能，表现为减少土壤呼吸率，土壤酶活性的降低，改变微生物对底物的利用模式等等。此外，文章还指出出未来该方面研究重点和方向。     

南方酸性森林土壤中铝的形态分布与活化机理

利用华南和西南森林小流域的长期观测结果,综合分析了土壤酸化过程中铝的形态分布与活化机理.结果显示,土壤水中单体铝（Ala）在10—400μmo·lL-1之间,其在不同流域的差异与土壤酸化密切相关.无机铝（Ali）是土壤水中单体铝的主要形态,有机铝（Alo）比例不足20%.在酸度高的土壤中Al3＋是无机铝的主要形态,在酸...     

鼎湖山森林演替序列水文过程中总有机碳(TOC)变化规律及其对土壤碳平衡的贡献

森林水文过程中的总有机碳转运对土壤有机碳平衡起着重要的作用,但我们对于水文过程对碳平衡的贡献机理所知甚少.本研究针对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林演替序列不同森林生态系统(马尾松林、针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林(简称季风林))的大气降水、穿透水、树干流、凋落物淋洗水以及地表径流中的总有机碳(TOC)进行了三年(2002年4月-2005年5月)观测,以此来分析水文学过程中TOC的变化规律和水文学过程对不同成熟度森林生态系统土壤有机碳积累的贡献.每场雨后进行水样的采集,采集的水样装入棕色玻璃瓶中,加硫酸至pH值小于2,放置于实验室冰箱冷藏待测.TOC用日本岛津公司生产的5000A型TOC-V分析仪测定.研究结果及推论如下:鼎湖山森林水文学过程中TOC浓度和总量变化呈现规律性的变化.大气降水中的TOC浓度和总量分别为(3.65±0.59)mg·L~(-1)和51.8104 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),大气降水是鼎湖山森林生态系统水文循环过程中TOC的主要来源.穿透水(DTF)中TOC浓度和总量均为:松林>混交林>季风林,其中季风林TOC浓度显著低于其他两种林型.松林树干流的TOC浓度显著高于混交林和季风林.凋落物淋洗水TOC浓度和总量大小依次均为:松林>混交林>季风林,且三林型间存在显著差异(p<0.05).径流中TOC浓度和总量均较小,且无明显差异.在湿季5月份,穿透水、树干流、凋落物淋洗水的TOC浓度呈现下降趋势.干季(10月)开始以后,穿透水、树干流、凋落物淋洗水中的TOC浓度又逐步回升.地表径流中TOC浓度干湿季变化趋势不明显.干季中各水文学分量TOC浓度大于湿季,但TOC总量呈现相反趋势.在森林水文学过程中,凋落物淋洗水所携带的有机碳量是土壤有机碳输入的最大项,季风林、混交林、松林中TOC总量分别为246.983 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),255.187kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和261.876kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);其次是直接到达土壤表面的穿透水,季风林、混交林、松林中TOC总量分别为28.152kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),37.410kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和43.176kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);树干流中有机碳浓度虽高,但总量很微小,季风林、混交林、松林中TOC总量分别为4.663kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),5.910kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和4.566kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),所以对土壤有机碳收入贡献不大.径流所携带的TOC总量很小,季风林、混交林、松林中分别为8.707kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),9.318kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),7.220kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).由此可知,水文过程输入土壤的TOC总量远大于径流所带走的TOC总量,导致了水文过程中的TOC存留在土壤中,对土壤有机碳(SOC)的积累起着重要作用.季风林、混交林和马尾松林土壤每年通过水文学过程净输入的有机碳量分别为(27.1+1.65)g·m~(-2),(28.9±2.79)g·m~(-2)和(30.2±2.65)g·m~(-2).水文学过程中的这部分有机碳由于占总有机碳比例较小往往被忽视,但是正是由于水分在土壤中的下渗使得有机碳的分布趋于均匀,这将更加利于SOC的积累和保存.     

福建省兴化湾大气沉降中重金属的测定

于2004年7月至2005年6月期间分季度对福建省兴化湾大气沉降颗粒物进行采集和分析,并对10种元素的沉降通量(mg·m-2·a-1)进行了计算,其中,Cd:0.08±0.01;Cr:11.63±7.82;Cu:2.72±0.99;Ni:7.81±1.18;Pb:3.83±1.96;Zn:14.39±6.58.结果表明, 兴化湾大气沉降中重金属的污染状况相对较好.铅同位素研究表明,人们的生产活动可能是大气沉降中Pb污染的主要来源.通过对元素富集因子的计算说明大气沉降中Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr和Ni主要为人为来源.     

High concentrations and dry deposition of reactive nitrogen species at two sites in the North China Plain

Atmospheric concentrations of major reactive nitrogen (N_r) species were quantified using passive samplers, denuders, and particulate samplers at Dongbeiwang and Quzhou, North China Plain (NCP) in a two-year study. Average concentrations of NH₃, NO₂, HNO₃, pNH₄⁺ and pNO₃⁻ were 12.0, 12.9, 0.6, 10.3, and 4.7 μg N m⁻³ across the two sites, showing different seasonal patterns of these N_r species. For example, the highest NH₃ concentration occurred in summer while NO₂ concentrations were greater in winter, both of which reflected impacts of N fertilization (summer) and coal-fueled home heating (winter). Based on measured N_r concentrations and their deposition velocities taken from the literature, annual N dry deposition was up to 55 kg N ha⁻¹. Such high concentrations and deposition rates of N_r species in the NCP indicate very serious air pollution from anthropogenic sources and significant atmospheric N input to crops.     

Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China: An overview

Nitrogen (N) deposition is an important component in the global N cycle that has induced large impacts on the health and services of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Anthropogenic reactive N (N_r) emissions to the atmosphere have increased dramatically in China due to rapid agricultural, industrial and urban development. Therefore increasing N deposition in China and its ecological impacts are of great concern since the 1980s. This paper synthesizes the data from various published papers to assess the status of the anthropogenic N_r emissions and N deposition as well as their impacts on different ecosystems, including empirical critical loads for different ecosystems. Research challenges and policy implications on atmospheric N pollution and deposition are also discussed. China urgently needs to establish national networks for N deposition monitoring and cross-site N addition experiments in grasslands, forests and aquatic ecosystems. Critical loads and modeling tools will be further used in N_r regulation.     

鼎湖山降水有机酸的变化特征及影响因素分析

针对2009年3月至2010年2月于鼎湖山采集的大气湿沉降进行分析,旨在了解鼎湖山森林生态系统有机酸湿沉降变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明,研究期间鼎湖山甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸的当量平均浓度分别为4.12μeq.L-1、3.39μeq.L-1、2.51μeq.L-1,分别占已测定有机酸的41.1%、33.9%和25.0%;有...     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils along a rural-urban-rural transect: sources, concentration gradients, and profiles

This study reports concentrations of PBDEs in surface soil samples collected along a 140 km transect across Kuwait to assess the role of urban centers as sources of persistent organic pollutants to the surrounding environment. The ΣPBDE concentrations varied by a factor of ∼250 and ranged from 289 to 80,078 pg g⁻¹ d.w. The concentrations of PBDEs in Kuwait City were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those collected from sites outside the city supporting the hypothesis that urban centers are sources of PBDEs. The congener profiles were dominated by BDE-209, accounting for 93% of the PBDEs in the soil samples. The concentrations of all congeners (except BDE-209) were highly correlated with percent organic carbon (%OC) (p > 0.05) when the data from Kuwait City was omitted from the analysis. These findings suggest that soil concentrations outside the urban centers were close to equilibrium with the atmosphere.