基于火灾场景的大型浮顶储罐区全过程风险防范体系研究

针对大型浮顶罐区火灾事故风险特征,通过对火灾场景辨识及其火灾风险影响因素分析,结合预防初期火灾场景风险要素和消防系统有效性,提出了罐区火灾事故现实风险的评估框架及确定方法。在此基础上,构建了基于火灾场景的全过程风险防范体系,包括库区评估规划、罐体本质安全化设计、库区火灾预防、罐区火灾扑救、园区火灾事故管理等5个方面,并给出相应的对策措施。大型浮顶罐区全过程火灾风险防范是一个持续改进的结构化过程风险管理体系,有助于实现罐区火灾风险的过程安全管理,进而提高仓储型园区的整体消防安全保障能力和风险防控水平。     

概率统计在矿井通风系统可靠性评估中的应用

构建一个随机非稳定地下矿山通风系统,此通风系统有三个机组,机组的随机运行状态构成了一个完整的“系统的概率结构”。对此通风系统的运行状态进行概率统计分析,探讨了该随机系统的特征。由此推导出了通风系统故障的平均时间是一个显式的概率表达式。同时,假设系统失效时间和更换时间符合指数分布的情况下,得出计算系统故障平均时间的一个五阶多项式公式。通过验证,证明了系统故障平均时间的大小依赖于系统维修和更换的比率,而且是检验系统可靠性的重要指标,有利于提高矿山安全水平。     

Zn2+对SBR单级好氧模式生物除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,以丙酸盐为单一外加碳源,通过比较进水中不同Zn2+浓度(0,1,5,10,20mg/L)下单级好氧模式下序批式反应器(SBR)的除磷效果,考察进水Zn2+浓度对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响,并通过分析各反应器中典型周期内磷及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响机理.当进水Zn2+浓度为0和1mg/L时,除磷率分别高达96.84%和97.90%.当进水Zn2+浓度为5,10,20mg/L时,系统除磷率分别为89.32%,76.43%和57.29%,说明较高浓度Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷有抑制作用.结果表明,较高浓度Zn2+可抑制COD的降解,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯好氧合成及磷酸盐激酶活性,并促进GAOs的代谢,使聚磷合成和水解量减少,从而降低系统的除磷性能.     

多段A/O工艺处理制革废水一级生化出水的效能

针对现有制革废水处理工艺难以使氨氮达标排放的问题,引入多段A/O工艺(MAOP)作为制革废水二级生物处理单元,探讨分段进水、水力停留时间(HRT)以及污泥回流比(R)对其COD和氨氮同步去除的影响.结果证明,无论是否分段进水,四段MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水均有良好的COD去除效果,当污泥停留时间(SRT)为18d、HRT不小于24h时,其出水浓度都可保持在300mg/L以下,满足GB8978-1996二级排放标准.在各段进水比为4:3:2:1、R 100%、HRT 48h、SRT 18d条件下,MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水的氨氮去除率高达97.7%,出水浓度3.6mg/L左右,达到GB8978-1996一级排放标准.MAOP同时具备反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化等多种脱氮机制,是一种颇具前景的制革废水生物脱氮技术.     

湖库富营养化的改进型模糊综合评价方法研究

针对水体富营养化评价系统的非线性、模糊综合评价法过程中权重赋予的主观随意性和隶属函数的不准确性等特点,对传统模糊综合评价法进行了改进,并据此对我国24个代表性湖库的富营养化程度进行了评价.其中以SPSS16.0和Yaaph软件为载体,采用层次分析法和主成分分析法相结合来确定选取因子的权重.根据确定的评价标准作自然对数变换使之线性化,并结合由基础数据统计分布情况,生成各评价因子隶属于各营养等级的对数形式的降半梯形隶属函数,进而得到各湖库的确定度,最后依据最大确定度得到湖库富营养化级别.该法所得结果与湖库实际富营养化状况以及现有多种评价方法的结果的对比表明,该改进方法的评价结果真实、准确、计算简单,具有可行性.     

基于ASM 2d的数学模型在六箱一体化工艺分析中的应用

以六箱一体化工艺为例,建立了基于ASM 2d(activated sludge process 2d,活性污泥工艺2d)的数学模型,并研究其在脱氮除磷中的应用. 在HRT(水力停留时间)为16 h的工况下,利用灵敏度分析挑选了含有7个参数的待优化参数集,通过使用遗传算法优化校正函数的方式进行校正计算,获得了校正后的六箱一体化工艺模型,并在HRT为20和24 h下对该模型做了进一步验证. 结果表明,校正后的模型对出水水质的预测性较好,在HRT为16 h下,出水ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(NH₄+-N)的模型计算值与实测值间的绝对差值较小,分别为1.96、0.83、0.06和0.24 mg/L. 在校正后模型的基础上,详细分析了HRT为20 h时各池中ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(PO₄3--P)在1个周期内的动态变化,指出了影响该工艺处理效果的主要原因(如碳源不足的问题),并与通过试验分析得到的结果基本一致.      

外源硝态氮对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N2O排放的影响

为明确外源硝态氮添加对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N₂O排放的影响,应用室内冰柜模拟土壤冻结过程,研究在室温-冻结过程中硝态氮添加(0、80、200和500 mg/kg)对3种典型耕作土壤(黑土、潮土和黄土)N₂O排放影响的特征. 结果表明:外源硝态氮的添加促进了黑土和潮土的N₂O排放,在200 mg/kg硝态氮添加处理下,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量比CK(对照)分别增加了849%和676%;但在添加高浓度(500 mg/kg)硝态氮时,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量分别比200 mg/kg处理降低39.3%和21.2%,表现为显著抑制. 随冻结过程的进行,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量均逐渐降低并接近零排放. 黄土N₂O排放通量在室温-冻结过程中变化范围很小,甚至出现负排放. 多因素方差分析结果表明,土壤类型显著影响N₂O累计排放量,而土壤pH和C/N是其中重要的影响因子. 根据室内培养试验结果,为减排N₂O,建议在深秋整地施肥时期尽量避免在潮土和黑土中施用硝态氮肥. 黄土的N₂O排放似乎对外源硝态氮的添加反应不明显,这有待在大田气候-植物-土壤综合条件下进一步验证.      

老化过程中铜形态变化的X射线吸收精细结构谱的(XAFS)初步研究

利用X射线吸收精细结构谱(XAFS)对老化过程中土壤中铜的分子形态进行初步表征。以硫酸铜、氧化铜和硫化铜的X射线吸收扩展边结构(EXAFS)谱为参比,对土壤样品中Cu的EXAFS谱进行拟合,得到不同老化阶段与参比物质相对应的结合态Cu的百分含量,并与连续提取法表征进行比较。XAFS分析结果表明,老化阶段土壤样品中铜的主要结合形态是CuSO_4,同时还有部分CuS,基本不含有CuO。随着时间的推移,土壤中CuSO_4百分含量呈现出下降的趋势,CuS百分含量呈现出上升的趋势。这与连续提取法研究结果中其可交换态的百分比下降,残渣态上升的趋势相似。     

Comprehensive health condition assessment on partial sewers in a southern Chinese city based on fuzzy mathematic methods

A self-developed sewer health assessment system using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytical hierarchy process was applied to give a comprehensive health condition evaluation on part of the local sewers in a southern Chinese city based on the sewer video data collected by a sewer inspection closed circuit television （CCTV） robot. Aside from the overall condition evaluation, the structure, function, and stability status of the sewer were also analyzed using the method. A comprehensive index H was proposed to give the overall health condition of pipes with different defects, and Ht, Hs, and If were used to quantify the defects affecting the tightness, stability, and function of the pipe, respectively. Results show that 48% of the inspected pipes were in good condition （0〈H〈0.25）, and about 33% of the sewer pipes analyzed were categorized to be at severe or urgent condition levels （H 〉 0.5）, although most of the pipes were installed only within five years. Frequent sedimentation affects the function of the sewer, and deformation and joint damage affect the structure of the sewer.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.