土-气界面汞交换特征研究进展

本文综述了20多年来汞在土壤-大气界面间交换的研究现状,包括汞在大气和土壤中的存在形态、大气汞的干湿沉降、土壤汞释放及影响因素的研究,分析其存在的问题,并提出了未来的研究重点。     

新疆北部沙漠边缘植被恢复可能性初探

古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被破坏严重,沙丘活化明显,是新疆干旱植被恢复的重点地区之一,一般缺乏地表水补充,其沙丘的水分状况便成为植被生存和恢复过程的关键条件,为探究古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被恢复的可能性,在植物生长期内对流动沙丘和固定沙丘不同部位的水分状况进行了连续监测,结果表明:沙丘大多数层次含水量月变化与月降水量分布相一致;流动沙丘含水量从上部到下部依次升高;流动沙丘中部和下部稳定湿沙层处在距沙丘表面60 cm以下,且厚度超过100 cm,固定沙丘稳定湿沙层只存在于沙丘中部距沙丘表面60～150 cm内,其厚度不超过100 cm,在一般年份,该地区利用本地种进行植被恢复是可行的.     

水上振动沉管碎石桩施工关键技术应用

针对振动沉管碎石桩水上施工应用少、合适船机设备少、桩身质量控制难等问题,通过改造施工船机设备,优化关键技术参数和施工工艺,依托具体工程开展现场研究。采用三管式碎石桩船,研发了大开度活瓣钢桩靴,配置沉桩定位及视频监控系统实现施工过程的可视化;碎石添加采用干法填料、管身开孔润料、提升过程不留振的工艺,可顺利拔管成桩;采用皮带机供料、计量斗计量、提升斗运输的一体化加料工艺,碎石填料可精确控制。结果表明:通过将桩间距2.3 m 分别调整为桩间距2.4 m、排间距2.18 m 和桩间距2.1 m、排间距2.5 m,整个桩身分为三段,并控制平均拔管速度为1.5 m/min,充盈系数采用1.38,合理分批次加料、干法填料,两次留振时间分别控制在20 s和60 s等措施,经重型动力触探法检测,表层2 m 锤击数平均值为8.3,2 m 以下锤击数平均值为11.2,满足表层2 m 的碎石桩重型动力触探锤击数达到7击以上,2 m 以下贯入10 cm 锤击数不小于10击的设计要求。     

Numerical simulation of DPF thermal regeneration process based on an improved dynamic model

ABSTRACT

In this paper, an improved kinetics model of soot oxidation based on the traditional B-K model is employed to characterize the thermal regeneration process of diesel particulate filters (DPF). Considering the influence of specific surface area and inhibition factor on soot oxidation, the regeneration process is simulated and analyzed using the commercial FLUENT software combined with UDF method. The results show that soot particles react from the middle of the filter to both ends, and the temporal profile of soot mass in the thermal regeneration process could be divided into three sections: smooth reaction, rapid reaction, and late reaction. The regeneration time decreases with the increasing of the incoming oxygen volume fraction. When the thickness of the deposited soot layer is less than 0.1 mm, the regeneration time is prolonged as the thickness of the deposited layer decreases. When the thickness is more than 0.1 mm, the regeneration time shows the opposite trend with the thickness of the deposited layer. Meanwhile, the curve of maximum wall temperature changing with time is divided into heating, rapid-burning, and slow-burning regimes. The maximum wall temperature increases as the volume fraction of oxygen flow increases, and as the deposited layer thickness increases.     

锅炉烟尘监测过程质量控制及现场采样应注意的问题

以生态文明全面取代工业文明,是实现人类生存进步及经济可持续发展的唯一途径。以我国为例,在经历40年社会改革开放、经济高速增长之后,工业化、城市化、现代化所取得巨大成就的背后,是生态环境的严重破坏,尤其近年来"雾霾"成为生态环境治理中最为顽固的诟病。锅炉烟尘是造成雾霾现象的"主要元凶",从环境监测角度出发,加强锅炉烟尘监测过程及现场采样质量控制,精准地获取相关数据,能够为环境治理方案提供科学依据。但同时,锅炉烟尘监测及采样是十分复杂且具有系统性的工作,在整个过程中需要加强质量控制。本文列举相关注意问题,以供技术人员在操作中参考借鉴。     

使用添加剂调质钙基脱硫剂的机理概述

从干法固硫气扩散及气固反应角度回顾了添加剂对钙基脱硫剂调质作用的有关研究情况,指出目前该技术在研究以及工业应用中存在的一些关键问题,并讨论该技术的发展趋势。     

冬闲水田土壤——一个重要的尚未确定的N2O释放源

通过对土壤N₂0生成机理和影响因素、冬闲田土壤中碳氮营养基质积累、N₂0强烈脉冲释放和冬闲田分布面积的分析,提出北半球热带－亚热带地区冬闲田可能是一个重要的尚未确定的N₂0释放源。粗略估计N₂0(以N₂0—N计)年释放量为0.75 Tg。      

保护环境降低污染实施绿色技术应用——煤无烟燃烧锅炉消除碳黑技术

以环境科学为基础,结合计算流体力学和燃烧学理论,对炉内碳黑生成进行了数值模拟。在理论上证明了煤无烟燃烧锅炉“多孔分层错列撞击流”式二次风在消除碳黑方面具有明显的效果。经过实际证明,所设计的链条炉排煤无烟燃烧锅炉既提高了资源利用率,又保护了环境。     

Characteristic Study of Dry Deposition, Concentration, Compositions for Particulates Mass and Ionic Species During Summer and Autumn Season at a Traffic Sampling Site

Aerosol samples for dry deposition and total suspend particulates (TSP) were collected from August to November of 2003 in central Taiwan. Ion chromatography was used to analyze the related water-soluble ionic species (Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺). The results obtained in this study indicated that the ambient air particulate mass concentrations in the daytime period (averaged 975.4 μg m⁻³) were higher than the nighttime period (averaged 542.1 μg m⁻³). And the daytime dry deposition fluxes (averaged 58.12 μg m⁻² sec⁻¹) were about 2.2 times as that of nighttime dry deposition fluxes (averaged 26.54 μg m⁻² sec⁻¹) of the downward dry deposition. The average values downward and upward of dry deposition fluxes for the weekend period were almost higher than the weekday period for either daytime or nighttime period. Furthermore, the average daytime dry deposition fluxes (averaged 26.37 μg m⁻² sec⁻¹) were also about 2.3 times as that of nighttime dry deposition fluxes (averaged 11.52 μg m⁻² sec⁻¹). Moreover, the results also indicate that SO₄ ²⁻ and Ca²⁺ have higher average composition for total suspended particulates in the daytime period while Ca²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and Na⁺ have the higher average composition for total suspends particulates in the nighttime period.     

东亚地区不同天气下的硫沉降分布

利用欧拉型硫沉降模式分析3个个例,讨论了东亚地区不同天气条件下硫总沉降、干沉降和湿沉降。不同天气条件下硫沉降的分布不同。干沉降与污染源的分布有很好的相关性,而总沉降的分布除决定于排放量外,还明显受到降水场分布的影响。24h硫沉降量一般为1.0～10.0mg/m²,最大可达32mg/m²,干沉降量的值为1.0～5.0mg/m²,最大值为14.8mg/m²,湿沉降量的值为0.5～7.0mg/m²,强降水区附近可达22mg/m²。