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91.
Erisman J. W. Hensen A. Fowler D. Flechard C. R. Grüner A. Spindler G. Duyzer J. H. Weststrate H. Römer F. Vonk A. W. Jaarsveld H. v. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2001,1(5-6):17-27
Between 1993 and 1999 two EU funded projects wereexecuted aimed at (i) the development of drydeposition monitoring methods for core sites andlarge scale application, (ii) the installation andrunning of three core sites in Europe and (iii) the improvement and validation of models used forregional application. This article provides anoverview of the development of depositionmonitoring stations and the main results of thethree core sites, which were operated between1995 and 1998. Furthermore, the results of thedevelopment of a low cost monitoring system arepresented. Continuous measurements were made ofboth wet and dry deposition of sulphur andnitrogen components and base cations. The 4 yearsof data show a decrease in sulphur loads and notrend for the other components. It is shown thatthe surface affinities for sulphur depositionalso changed during the years, underpinning theneed for dry deposition monitoring. A conditionaltime average gradient system was successfullydeveloped and tested and provides a good meansfor low cost monitoring of dry deposition fluxes.The costs can be reduced by a factor of 3–4 without losing the accuracy of the annual average gas fluxes. 相似文献
92.
A Coupled Land-Surface and Dry Deposition Model and Comparison to Field Measurements of Surface Heat,Moisture, and Ozone Fluxes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pleim Jonathan E. Xiu Aijun Finkelstein Peter L. Otte Tanya L. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2001,1(5-6):243-252
We have developed a coupled land-surface and drydeposition model for realistic treatment of surface fluxes ofheat, moisture, and chemical dry deposition within acomprehensive air quality modelling system. A new land-surfacemodel (LSM) with explicit treatment of soil moisture andevapotranspiration and an indirect soil moisture nudging schemehas been added to a mesoscale meteorology model. The new drydeposition model uses the same aerodynamic and bulk stomatalresistances computed for evapotranspiration in the LSM. Thisprovides consistent land-surface and boundary layer propertiesacross the meteorological and chemical components of the system. The coupled dry deposition model also has the advantage of beingable to respond to changing soil moisture and vegetationconditions. Modelled surface fluxes of sensible and latent heatas well as ozone dry deposition velocities were compared to twofield experiments: a soybean field in Kentucky during summer 1995and a mixed forest in the Adirondacks of New York in July 1998.(on assignment to the National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (author for correspondence, e-mail(on assignment to the National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 相似文献
93.
Radiation fog is an important modifier of atmosphericcompounds in the planetary boundary layer. In vegetated areas effects are especially pronounced due to the enlarged surface area. Besides affectingthe lower boundary of atmospheric models fog acts as amulti-phase reaction chamber leading to acid deposition. Here we present the 1-dimensional radiation fog modelCHEMIFOG_V to simulate regional radiation fogevents. The key feature of the fog model is thedetailed microphysics, where the aerosol/dropletspectrum is describedwith a joint 2-dimensional distribution, but also thedynamics, thermodynamics, and radiative transfer are calculated. Toinvestigate the interaction between fog and the biosphere amulti-layer vegetation module, including a soil module as well as a drydeposition module were coupled. Vegetation influences thedynamics, thermodynamics, and the radiation field of the lowestatmospheric layers. With CHEMIFOG_V, numerical case studieson dry and moist deposition processes on vegetation surfaces wereperformed. Hereby multi-phase chemistry and the processing of aerosolswere considered. The results show that the chemical composition of thedeposited fog droplets is mainly determined by the aerosol composition. Dry deposition fluxes are dependent on the incoming radiation and the leaves' surface conditions with respect to water coverage.Due to chemical aerosol processing and deposition, the aerosol spectrumis significantly modified in the planetary boundary layer. 相似文献
94.
污水土地处理水旱轮作条件下磷素在土层中迁移特征的模拟实验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了解污水土地处理过程中不同土壤类型土壤溶液 P含量和迁移特征 ,在一种特殊的大型人工模拟土层和地下水实验装置中进行试验 .研究结果表明 :水田条件下 1.5m~ 0.5m土壤溶液 P含量极低 (≤ 0.02 mg/L ) ,但在旱地条件下 ,P含量上升至 0.045mg/L~ 0.628mg/L,P素随入渗污水向下迁移距离可达 1.1 m.在低水力负荷率和较长停留时间的运行条件下 ,1.3m以下土壤溶液和地下水的 P含量处于安全水平 . 相似文献
95.
96.
Baseline assessment for environmental services payments from satellite imagery: a case study from Costa Rica and Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kalacska M Sanchez-Azofeifa GA Rivard B Calvo-Alvarado JC Quesada M 《Journal of environmental management》2008,88(2):348-359
In this study we evaluate the accuracy of four global and regional forest cover assessments (MODIS, IGBP, GLC2000, PROARCA) as tools for baseline estimation. We conduct this research at the national scale for Costa Rica and for two tropical dry forest study sites in Costa Rica (Santa Rosa) and Mexico (Chamela-Cuixmala). We found that at the national level, the total forest cover accuracy of the four land cover maps was inflated due to an overestimation of forest in areas with an evergreen canopy. However, the four maps greatly underestimated the extent of the deciduous forest (dry forest); an ecosystem that faces high deforestation pressure and poses complications to the mapping of its extent from remotely sensed data. For the tropical dry forest sites, all maps have low forest cover accuracies (mean for Santa Rosa: 27%; mean for Chamela-Cuixmala: 56%). This has implications for policy implementation. 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
罗思京 《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2007,13(1):23-25
粉喷桩是处理软弱地基的一种重要方法.通过水泥土的室内配合比试验,研究了粉喷桩体的抗拉、抗压和抗剪强度性质及其影响因素,可为粉喷桩施工和设计提供理论指导.图1,表3,参5. 相似文献
100.
开展对典型可燃物燃烧烟尘的物化特性差异性研究,是全面了解烟尘信息的基础.基于可控条件下的燃烧试验,对典型可燃物燃烧烟尘物理特性和化学组分进行了分析.通过对比分析汽油燃烧烟尘、聚苯乙烯燃烧烟尘、ABS燃烧烟尘及柴油烟尘和正庚烷烟尘的透射电镜图片,对透射电镜图的紧凑性、复杂性及灰度值进行了深入分析,探讨了燃烧烟尘的物理差异性.利用固相微萃取-气质联用技术(SPME-GC-MS),对汽油燃烧烟尘、聚苯乙烯燃烧烟尘、ABS燃烧烟尘化学组分进行了分析和对比.通过燃烧烟尘的特征物质组分的分析,得到3种燃烧烟尘在特征物质的分布和出峰时间等方面的差异性.这些差异性可作为对烟尘来源及燃烧条件等因素判别的依据. 相似文献