石墨炉AAS法分析冬青科苦丁茶树系统中镉及其分布

采集海南大学苦丁茶种质资源库中6种冬青科(Ilex)苦丁茶树的根、茎、叶及对应土壤样品,通过试验研究,建立了高压密封消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中镉的方法。对植物样和土壤样分别采用硝酸-双氧水和硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸混酸体系进行消解。以磷酸二氢铵作为基体改进剂,并开启氘灯校正背景,在优化的工作条件下测定样品中镉。该方法的检出限为0.300ng/mL,用于实验样品中镉的测定,其相对标准偏差RSD5%,加标回收率介于94%～108%之间。用该方法对茶叶(GBW10016)和土壤(GBW-07407)标准参考物中镉进行了测定,测定结果与标准值相符合,相对误差小于7%。冬青科苦丁茶树及其土壤中镉的分布具有特征性,主要表现为:土壤茶树,根际土壤非根际土壤,吸收根主根或茎,嫩叶老叶枯叶。     

ICP-AES法测定煤矸石中的Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr

取1.000g矸石样品于聚四氟乙烯坩埚中,加入5mLH2O2放置过夜,加6mL浓HCl,4mL浓HNO3,在微波炉中消解至近干,再加2mLHF,继续消解至粘稠状,用温热稀HCl溶解残渣,转入50mL容量瓶中,加1%HNO3定容,用ICP-AES法测定煤矸中Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr。在选定的测定条件下,检出限分别为0.013mg/L、0.0044mg/L、0.0014mg/L和0.0069mg/L;精密度的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%、3.4%、3.1%、2.1%;准确度实验铬的回收率在97.5%～106.0%之间。     

ICP-AES测定南宁市大气颗粒物中重金属含量

采用石英滤纸和隔膜真空泵自制采样装置,对南宁市区的居民区、校园区、商业区和工业区进行连续10d的大气采样,所得样品经微波消解后,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定铬、铁、铜、锌、砷、镉和铅七种重金属元素含量以检测南宁市空气质量,同时考察了仪器工作参数对测定结果的影响。实验表明:在选定的实验条件下,各元素的检出限低,准确性和精密度良好。样品测定结果表明,大气环境中重金属污染物以Fe、Zn和Pb为主;工业区,商业区,居民区重金属含量高于校园区。重金属平均浓度最大值为:Cr(0.06027μg/m)3、Fe(1.8541μg/m)3、Cu(0.02214μg/m)3、Zn(0.3666μg/m)3、As(0.02272μg/m)3、Cd(0.004733μg/m)3、Pb(0.1843μg/m)3,低于我国(TJ36-96)《居住区大气中的有害物质最高容许量》中规定值,说明南宁市空气质量良好。     

厌氧颗粒污泥对有机污染物的初期吸附机制

为研究厌氧颗粒污泥对废水中有机污染物的初期吸附机制,在实验室条件下,采用静态、序批的方法考察了活的和灭活的厌氧颗粒污泥对废水中有机污染物COD的初期吸附率之差异,推算了吸附过程中热力学参数值,并对厌氧颗粒污泥初期吸附有机污染物前后的红外光谱进行了比对分析,结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥对废水中有机污染物的初期吸附是一个复杂的综合过程,初期吸附作用主要表现为物理吸附,占总吸附去除COD的70%多,其次为生物吸附,大约在总吸附去除COD的20%～35%之间。红外光谱分析表明,厌氧颗粒污泥表面上的一些功能基团参与了对有机污染物的吸附作用,这些基团包括-OH、-CH2、-CH3、P-H、C=O、C-N及S=O。     

UASB-好氧工艺处理碳酸饮料废水

从废水特点、工艺流程、主要构筑物等方面介绍UASB-好氧工艺处理碳酸饮料废水,并与传统好氧处理工艺进行经济及技术分析比较,表明该工艺处理水质良好,成本降低。     

Study of 4-t-octylphenol degradation and microbial community in granular sludge

In this study, the authors have investigated the effects of various factors on both aerobic and anaerobic degradation of 4-t-octylphenol （4-t-OP） in granular sludge. In comparison, the aerobic degradation rate was much higher than that of anaerobic degradation. The optimal pH values for 4-t-OP degradation in granular sludge were 9 and 7 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. And the degradation rate decreased with an increase in the initial 4-t-OP concentration. Addition of yeast extract or homologous compounds such as phenol also enhanced the 4-t-OP degradation, especially under the aerobic condition. To investigate the bacterial community in this study, the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） method was applied, based on the primers, for the 16S rDNA V3 region of bacteria, γ-proteobacteria and bacillus were identified as the major species of sludge.     

Anaerobic BTEX degradation in soil bioaugmented with mixed consortia under nitrate reducing conditions

Different concentrations of BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers, were added into soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential by the augmented BTEX-adapted consortia under niwate reducing conditiom. All the BTEX substrates could be anaerobically biodegraded to non-detectable levels within 70 d when the initial concentrations were below 100 mg/kg in soil. Toluene was degraded faster than any other BTEX compounds, and the high-to-low order ofdegradation rates were toluene>ethylbenzene>m. xylene>o-xylene>benzene>P. xylene. Nitrite was accumulated with nitrate reduction. but the accumulation of nitrite had no inhibitory effect on the degradation of BTEX throughout the whole incubation. Indigenous bacteria in tIle soil could enhance the BTEX biodegradation ability of the enriched mixed bacteria. When the six BTEX compounds were simultaneously present in soil, there was no apparent inhibitory effect on their degradation with lower initial concentrations. Alternatively, benzene, o-xylene, and P-xylene degradation were inhibited with higher initial concentrations of 300 mg/kg. Higher BTEX biodegradation rates were observed in soil samples with the addition of sodium acetate compared to the presence of a single BTEX substrate. and the hypothesis of primary-substrate stimulation or cometabolic enhancement of BTEX biodegradation seems likely.     

Effect of inorganic carbon on anaerobic ammonium oxidation enriched in sequencing batch reactor

The present lab-scale research reveals the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation microorganism from methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge and the effect of inorganic carbon(sodium bicarbonate)on anaerobic ammonium oxidation.The enrichment of anammox bacteria was carried out in a 7.0-L sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and the effect of bicarbonate on anammox was conducted in a 3.0-L SBR.Research results,especially the biomass,showed first signs of anammox activity after 54 d cultivation with synthetic w...     

Dssimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction characteristics of paddy soil extract cultures treated with glucose or fatty acids

Dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction is a universal process with irreplaceable biological and environmental importance in anoxic environments. Our knowledge about Fe(Ⅲ) reduction predominantly comes from pure cultures of dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reducing bacteria (DFRB). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of glucose and a selection of short organic acids (citrate, succinate, pyruvate, propionate, acetate, and formate) on Fe(Ⅲ) reduction via the anaerobic culture of three paddy soil solutions with Fe(OH)3 as the sole electron acceptor. The results showed significant differences in Fe(Ⅲ) reduction among the three paddy soil solutions and suhstrate types. Bacteria from the Sichuan paddy soil responded quickly to substrate supply and showed higher Fe(Ⅲ) reducing activity than the other two soil types. Bacteria in the Jiangxi paddy soil culture solution could not use propionate as a source of electrons for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. Similarly, bacteria in the Jilin paddy soil culture could not use succinate effectively. Pyruvate was readily used by cultures from all three paddy soil solutions, thus indicating that there were some similarities in substrate utilization by bacteria for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. The use of glucose and citrate as substrate for dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction indicates important ecological implications for this type of anoxic respiration.     

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength,hydraulic residence time(HRT),and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product(SMP) production were investigated,to gain insights into the production mechanism.A carrier anaerobic batfled reactor (CABR) treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions,namely,feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L,HRTs of 9-18 h,and temperatures of 10-28℃.Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature.At high temperature (28℃),SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature Was decreased to 18 and 10℃.the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT Therefore,temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) ratio Was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation.SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR.As a secondary metabolite.some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.