Consumer understanding of product lifetimes

Throwing products away before they fail or are broken is at the heart of consumer behaviour in developed economies such as the UK. Products are often discarded for reasons of fashion, or to keep up with technological advances, rather than because they have reached the end of their functional life. Such behaviours contribute to resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and physical waste which needs to be managed. Extending the length of time that products are kept in use (whether by their original or subsequent owners) can contribute to greater resource efficiency, with significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This research was undertaken to support the development of evidence-based policy in the UK on the role of longer product lifetimes in achieving sustainable consumption and waste prevention. Twelve qualitative discussion groups, involving 115 consumers, were carried out to explore consumer influences on product lifetimes including: which factors influence purchase decisions; the care of products in use; and disposal decisions. A new typology was developed to describe how products meet consumers’ various needs for ‘workhorses’, ‘investment’ and ‘up-to-date’ products; and how lifetime is an outcome of the ‘nature’ of a product (functional life) and its ‘nurture’ (lifetime in use) by consumers. The results demonstrate that consumers have come to expect constant and rapid up-dating of products. In particular, having the latest versions of products is strongly associated with personal identity and feelings of success in life. There is little evidence of concern about the environmental consequences of a ‘throwaway society’. The low cost of new products, which enables rapid updating for reasons of fashion, is a key barrier to encouraging consumers to keep products in use for longer. Some opportunities were identified however for certain ‘workhorse’ and ‘investment’ products that are valued more for their functionality than fashion.     

某型直升机机体结构关键件涂层耐久性评估

目的 评估某型直升机机体典型结构关键件涂层在内陆温和地区的耐久性,支撑机体总日历寿命延寿工作。方法 对某型直升机大修周期机体结构关键件涂层进行目视检查、涂层光泽度检查和电化学交流阻抗检测,对比分析检测数据,分析机体结构关键件涂层耐久性的影响因素,判定涂层的耐久性。结果 某型直升机机体结构关键件涂层的耐久性较好。失光率检测中,平均失光率为37.8%,整体失光率较小。电化学阻抗检测中,平均电化学阻抗模值为5.58×10⁷ Ω.cm²,未失效,涂层能够有效保护机体结构关键件免于腐蚀环境破坏。结论 大修周期内,某型直升机机体结构关键件涂层的耐久性好,少数区域涂层因光照、磕碰等,耐久性部分程度受到影响,机体结构关键件涂层受温度、湿度、盐雾浓度等的影响较小。     

美国海军陆战队车辆腐蚀/耐久性行驶试验方法综述

为保证美国海军陆战队轮式战术车辆实现20 a服役寿命的目标,美海军研究办公室海军材料科学与技术部资助海军水面作战中心、阿伯丁试验中心等部门,研发了评估轮式车辆系统的车辆腐蚀/耐久性行驶试验方法。该方法通过响应美国海军陆战队在军用车辆腐蚀和任务剖面的特殊要求,对美国陆军基于商业标准的车辆试验成果加以完善,利用全寿命周期费用降低计划项目的基础数据,制定了1～20 a各年度累计腐蚀质量损失控制目标,规定了评价车辆老化状况的0—4级腐蚀等级标准,并开展了长达15 a的验证试验。研究表明,车辆腐蚀控制目标可采用研发的腐蚀/耐久性行驶试验方法实现;试验场车辆的腐蚀状况与实际服役地域车辆的腐蚀状况具有等价性;车辆腐蚀/耐久性行驶试验方法可作为车辆采办的有力工具,可考核验证车辆寿命能否达到20 a的服役期指标。     

Improved activity and durability of Rh-based three-way catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres by ZrO2 support

The catalytic activity and durability of Rh/ZrO_2 catalyst were investigated compared with Rh/Al_2O_3 catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres, including lean, rich and lean–rich cyclic aging atmospheres, to simulate the real working conditions of three-way catalyst.Oxidation states and microstructures of rhodium species were investigated to correlate with the catalytic performance of the catalysts. The catalytic performance and durability of the Rh catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres were drastically enhanced by ZrO_2 support. ZrO_2 support was confirmed to be able to effectively inhibit rhodium sintering even under diverse aging conditions. It can also successfully keep Rh species in an active low-valence state on the surface of the catalyst. The superiority of ZrO_2 support compared to Al_2O_3 was verified by the Rh-based monolith catalyst.     

泥石流排导槽磨蚀行为特征研究

磨蚀损坏是泥石流排导槽失效的重要诱因之一.对排导槽底面受泥石流冲刷而产生磨蚀的研究现状进行总结,并基于摩擦磨损理论分析排导槽的磨蚀系统特征,以期促进泥石流排导槽磨蚀损坏的机理研究及抗磨蚀结构的研发应用.通过泥石流排导槽磨蚀的野外现象考察和理论分析,总结了磨蚀系统构成、磨蚀影响因素、磨蚀形貌和磨蚀行为特征.结果表明,泥石...     

锅炉脱硫系统烟气换热器堵塞故障分析及处理

抗滑桩在滑坡治理中应用得比较广泛,确保抗滑桩的耐久性至关重要,抗滑桩混凝土中性化程度是影响其耐久性的重要因素。通过酸雨侵蚀与应力耦合作用下的模型试验,探讨了混凝土受酸雨侵蚀后强度和中性化深度的变化情况。分析结果显示:在酸雨侵蚀作用下,抗滑桩混凝土抗压强度先增大,然后逐渐减小;应力作用下,抗滑桩混凝土中性化深度与无应力时有很大区别,弯曲拉应力作用下的混凝土中性化深度大于无应力状态下的中性化深度,弯曲压应力下的中性化深度小于无应力下的中性化深度,应力水平的大小将影响到中性化深度的大小。     

耐久性仿真试验在直升机上的应用研究

目的研究适用于直升机型号研制的耐久性仿真试验方法。方法在对常规耐久性仿真试验方法进行研究总结的基础上,针对直升机特点阐述适用于直升机研制的耐久性仿真试验方法的一般流程及实施步骤,并将其应用于某直升机型号机载产品的具体案例中。结果利用文中提出的耐久性仿真试验方法有效地发现了该直升机机载产品研制中的耐久性设计薄弱环节,且操作流程和实施步骤简单易行。结论所提出的耐久性仿真试验方法在直升机上应用具有较高的有效性和可行性,可以推广到直升机型号研制的实际工程应用中。     

某厂房主体结构可靠性检测与鉴定

对己使用40年的老工业厂房，按现行《工业厂房可靠性鉴定标准》GBJ144－90进行了可靠性评定。     

不同应力状态下混凝土碳化耐久性试验研究

旨在研究混凝土在应力和碳化共同作用下的损伤机理。试验采用无应力、拉应力、压应力3种试件进行了快速碳化试验。测量了受力在0,0.15,0.3,0.45,0.6,0.75倍拉/压设计强度下的混凝土的碳化深度。实验结果表明,拉、压应力分别加快和减缓了混凝土碳化速率,且应力越大,对混凝土碳化的影响也越大。说明应力对混凝土碳化耐久性的影响是显著的。与此同时,在考虑应力影响系数的情况下,结合使用条件建立了大气环境中应力状态下混凝土碳化深度的预测模型。通过计算值和实验值的计算对比,证明了该模型的有效性。     

当量加速腐蚀条件下飞机结构耐久性评估方法研究

目的研究某型飞机机翼纵墙下缘条的结构细节模拟试件的耐久性。方法根据实测环境数据编制某沿海机场环境加速试验谱,开展不同当量腐蚀年限的加速腐蚀试验,然后进行耐久性试验,基于裂纹萌生寿命(TTCI)服从双参数威布尔分布和对数正态分布,建立表征腐蚀损伤下机翼纵墙结构细节原始疲劳质量(IFQ)的当量初始缺陷尺寸(EIFS)分布,并对机群机翼纵墙的经济寿命进行预测。结果铝合金材料在θ=40℃,pH=4.0,质量分数为5%的NaCl溶液盐雾环境中作用189.7 h,腐蚀损伤与该海洋大气环境腐蚀1 a相当。结论该关键结构在沿海机场环境条件下的耐久性能满足寿命指标要求。