山西省近50年日照时数变化趋势分析

根据山西省近50 a(1959-2008年)108个地面气象观测站的年日照时数系列数据,采用参数线性回归检验(LR)和非参数Mann-Kendall检验(MK)两种方法,从观测站、全省和综合治理规划地区3个角度,对山西省日照时数的时空变化基本特点进行了研究.统计分析显示,近50 a山西省各个观测站的年平均日照时数在2 070.80～2 973.67 h之间.MK结果表明,(1)108个观测站,100个站的日照时数分别呈显著减少(79个站)和非显著减少(21个站)趋势;8个站的日照时数分别呈显著增加(2个站)和非显著增加(6个站)趋势.(2)山西省的年平均日照时数在总体上呈显著减少趋势(-67.27h/10a),近50a减少了336.35 h.(3)在17个综合治理规划地区中,16个地区的日照时数呈显著减少趋势,尤以省境中心各综合治理规划地区为突出.对比分析表明,LR所得结果与MK的一致性很高.     

基于GIS的喀斯特山区实照时数时空分布研究——以广西巴马瑶族自治县为例

论文采用基于DEM的起伏地形下实照时数计算模型,以广西巴马县为例,在GIS技术的支持下对研究区域实照时数的时空分布进行模拟和结果验证,结果表明,研究区域内实照时数模拟值和气象站实测值之间具有较好的一致性,决定系数高达0.996。并探讨喀斯特地区实照时数的时空分布特点,分析了不同时间尺度下实照时数的变化情况,讨论坡度、坡向、地形起伏度和地表粗糙度等地形因子对实照时数空间分布的影响。该方法可为喀斯特地区提供重要的气候基础数据,对喀斯特地区小气候和农业气象资源分布的研究有重要意义。     

基于HPR在线监测控制SBR曝气历时实现短程脱氮

应用新型自动呼吸-滴定测量仪在线测量pH值、HPR等信号,进行了在SBR内实现短程脱氮的研究.采用SBR处理人工合成废水,COD和NH4+-N浓度分别为360,40mg/L,温度稳定在20℃,DO低于2mg/L,基于HPR在线监测控制SBR曝气历时.运行约60d后,亚硝酸盐积累率达到88%,COD和NH4+-N去除率均在90%以上,稳定实现了短程硝化反硝化.应用HPR估计硝化过程的NH4+-N浓度发现,NH4+-N实测值与基于HPR的计算值间存在良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9722;计算值整体低于实测值,主要是由曝气初期的滴定启动滞后所致.     

受限空间屏幕作业视觉疲劳研究

为了探究有限空间内光照对屏幕作业视觉疲劳影响,选取实验人员在受限空间平台内进行模拟屏幕作业。实验结果表明:在有限空间内作业,300 lx为理想的照明条件,并且在较昏暗（0~100 lx）的情况下,视觉能力下降的最快;光照强度的强弱对疲劳有明显的影响,在光线较暗的环境中闭眼时长明显高于正常光线（300 lx）时和较亮（750 lx）环境的闭眼时长,在作业30~60 min时,男女表现差异明显;黑暗环境更能造成作业人员疲劳,男性在黑暗环境中的视觉适应能力优于女性。同时做出推断,闭眼波动性增大的时间点推测为疲劳关键点,应该对该时刻工作的人员提醒或提前进行休息,避免该时刻出现。研究结论可为关于视觉疲劳眼动设备的开发提供理论支撑。     

东莞地区PM2.5湿清除的观测研究

通过对东莞市2013—2017年降水、PM_2.5观测数据统计研究发现,降雨及PM_2.5浓度存在负相关关系,降雨对PM_2.5具有一定的清除效果.PM_2.5浓度下降的降水过程有376次,浓度上升的降水过程有333次,部分降水过程浓度出现明显反弹,应与气溶胶再悬浮机制有关.在所有PM_2.5初始浓度低于40 μg·m^-3的个例中,浓度下降的个例占比约49.4%,而当PM_2.5初始浓度高于40 μg·m^-3时,浓度下降的个例占比约71.2%,说明PM_2.5粒子数量较多时,雨滴对粒子的捕获能力较强,降雨前PM_2.5的初始浓度可以作为判断降雨后PM_2.5浓度是否下降的预报依据.雨强小,也是造成雨后PM_2.5浓度反弹的原因.对于有效清除个例,雨强与清除率存在正相关关系,雨强越强,整体的清除作用有所加强.降水持续时间是影响PM_2.5清除作用的重要因素,持续时间超过6 h的小雨降水过程能达到40%的清除率效果,中雨以上降水过程持续时间越长,PM_2.5的清除效果越好.在浓度反弹的个例中,在低的初始浓度条件下,降水强度与降水持续时间对PM_2.5浓度反弹影响均较小,在初始浓度大于30 μg·m^-3的条件下,平均反弹幅度收窄,初始浓度的增加,使得雨滴与颗粒物之间的碰并作用加强,降水强度的增大,使这种碰并作用进一步加强,进而制约了PM_2.5浓度反弹的幅度.降雨末期,细粒径颗粒物数浓度回升明显,小雨滴蒸发使细粒子脱离再次在空中悬浮,是造成雨后颗粒物浓度出现回升的主要原因.     

中国东南部太阳辐射变化特征、影响因素及其对区域气候的影响

基于8个站点1961年以来的长期太阳辐射及其它气象观测数据,通过线性回归、相关分析等方法,探讨近半个世纪以来中国东南部太阳辐射的变化特征,并分析了太阳辐射变化的影响因素以及对区域气候的影响。结果表明：该地区地表总太阳辐射自1961年以来呈下降趋势,变化率为-10.17MJ·m-2·a-1。太阳辐射下降主要集中在1961到1990年间,该时间段的下降趋势达到-39.43MJ·m-2·a-1,主要表现为直接辐射显著下降,散射辐射则变化不大;1990年代以后,地表总太阳辐射开始呈现上升趋势,变化率为13.21MJ·m-2·a-1。该地区太阳辐射变化与全球范围内太阳辐射＂变暗＂及＂变亮＂的变化是一致的。从云量对太阳辐射的作用来看,该地区太阳辐射的变化很有可能是受到低云量变化的影响;而太阳辐射的这种变化直接导致气温发生变化,使得最高气温和最低气温的变化出现不一致,日较差随之发生改变。     

The effect of male sodium diet and mating history on female reproduction in the puddling squinting bush brown<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bicyclus anynana</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera)

The males of butterflies transfer a spermatophore to the female during mating that can contain nutrients enhancing the reproductive potential of their partners. The nutrients transferred by males can be derived from both larval and adult feeding. These nutrients may be depleted by multiple matings. An apparent difference in adult feeding behaviour between the sexes is puddling on mud, dung and carrion, which in most butterfly species is exclusively a male behaviour. A possible explanation for this division in feeding behaviour is that nutrients derived from puddling by males are transferred to the female during mating. Here, we test this hypothesis in the African fruit-feeding butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We varied the male nuptial gift by (1) feeding males either a diet with or without sodium, and (2) varying the number of previous successful copulations by remating males up to five times on consecutive days. The results show both a strong effect of order of mating on the mating duration, and an individual effect with some males typically copulating for a shorter time than others. The effects on female reproduction were, however, minimal. The total number of eggs per female and the sodium content of the eggs did not differ significantly between diets, nor were they affected by the mating histories of the males. Eggs showed a non-significant lower hatching for females partnered by a male who had already mated several times. There was an indication of an interaction with male diet: the sodium treatment showing a decline in egg hatchability with order number of male mating, whilst the control treatment showed a constant hatchability. The results are discussed in relation to determinants of male gift-giving strategy and to other potential explanations for a restriction of puddling to males in butterflies.Communicated by M.A. Elgar     

绵阳大气中二氧化硫浓度升高的原因探讨

针对1990年和1991年绵阳市SO_2浓度升高,尤其是1990年和1991年元月监测的SO_2浓度值更高。经研究发现监测采样时的气象条件对污染物测定值产生重要影响。     

防霾口罩呼吸阻力的研究

通过对8种常用类型防霾口罩的实验测试,采用回归曲线分析方法得出了防霾口罩呼吸阻力随使用时间的变化函数形式,同时也通过实验数据统计给出了各种类型口罩的建议使用时长,建议N90和N95无纺布防霾口罩在空气轻度污染下使用时长不超过11~12 h,中度污染下不超过8~10 h;而棉布为面料的N95口罩在轻度污染下使用时长不超过7 h,中度污染下不超过6 h。     

Thermal risk in batch reactors: Case of peracetic acid synthesis

The present paper deals with accidents risk in batch reactors. It identifies the conditions for the occurrence of a thermal runaway and develops a probabilistic approach to assess the relevant risk. It investigates also the conditions for optimal synthesis of peracetic acid (PAA) with hydrogen peroxide (HP) and acetic acid (AA). The kinetic model of reversible reaction and side reaction of PAA synthesis is used to predict reactor temperature and molar ratio of PAA by ASPEN PLUS software. A sensitivity analysis is performed under different conditions such as constant temperature or adiabatic process with different concentrations of sulfuric acid. Assuming a prior cooling system failure, the conditions for reaction runaway triggering a thermal accident are identified in the case of PAA synthesis. Monte Carlo simulations are used in order to calculate the conditional probability of accident and optimize the synthesis of PAA.