坡度和降雨影响土壤CO2通量和有机碳流失的模拟研究

坡度和降雨是影响土壤侵蚀发生和发展的重要因素,分析二者对土壤CO_2通量变化的影响,有助于深入理解侵蚀条件下土壤和大气CO_2之间交换的机理.选取黄土高原典型侵蚀性土壤黄绵土,于中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所人工模拟降雨大厅,研究不同坡度(5°、15°和25°)、降雨强度(30、60和90 mm·h-1,即I30、I60、I90)及历时(0.5、1和1.5 h,即H0.5、H1、H1.5)下土壤CO_2通量变化.结果表明:同历时和雨强下,坡度显著影响土壤CO_2通量变化(p0.001),且各坡度下土壤CO_2通量呈现出5°15°25°的趋势,但5°与15°之间差异未达到显著水平,而25°坡度下土壤CO_2通量较5°、15°下显著下降(16.3%~36.5%,10.8%~27.1%);同坡度和历时(H1)下,随着雨强的增加,土壤CO_2通量呈现下降的趋势,相较I30雨强下,I60、I90雨强下对应坡度的土壤CO_2通量降低了2.3%~14.3%,但差异均未达到显著性水平;同坡度和雨强(I90)下,随着历时的增加,土壤CO_2通量也表现出降低的趋势,H1、H1.5历时下,土壤CO_2通量相较H0.5下降1.7%~20.9%,历时对土壤CO_2通量影响达显著性水平(p0.1);土壤CO_2通量的变化与坡面SOC流失量呈线性负相关关系(R2=0.69~0.77,r=-0.83~-0.88,p≤0.1).SOC的流失是导致坡面土壤CO_2通量降低的重要因素.     

超声波参数对剩余污泥中SCFAs和EHCs释放的影响

考察了不同超声处理参数下剩余污泥中短链脂肪酸SCFAs和易水解组分EHCs的释放特性。结果表明:超声波作用下SCFAs的最大释放量为197.0 mg/L,超声时间对SCFAs释放影响显著;在超声时间为100 min内,声能密度小于0.6 W/mL时,EHCs释放随超声时间和声能密度的增加而提高;在相同能耗下,长超声时间、低声能密度的超声处理条件更有利于获得较高的EHCs,超声时间对EHCs释放的贡献度高于声能密度;释放的EHCs以糖类为主,经短时间水解酸化可生成较高浓度的SCFAs。     

A Nationwide Analysis of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reservoir Performance in Meeting Operational Targets

The United States (U.S.) Army Corps of Engineers operates reservoirs across the U.S. with 89% of reservoirs constructed prior to 1980. Many reservoirs have experienced changes in environmental conditions (e.g., climate and sediment yield) and societal conditions (e.g., water/energy demand and ecological flows) since construction. These changes may challenge the potential for reservoirs to meet their operational targets (OTs) (management goals). Historic daily reservoir data and OTs were collected for 233 reservoirs. Analyses were developed to identify when and where reservoirs may be systematically departing from OTs in terms of the frequency and magnitude of departure. Fifty‐six percent of reservoirs consistently met operating targets, 30% were borderline, and 13% experienced frequent and large magnitude departures. Fifty‐two percent of reservoirs with large departures were due to shortages and were located in the South Pacific and Southwestern divisions. This work provides a framework to identify reservoir performance in relation to management goals, a necessary step for moving toward adaptive management under changing conditions. All individual reservoir analyses are provided via an interactive data visualization tool: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/reservoir-data .     

Planning waste cooking oil collection systems

This research has been motivated by a real-life problem of a waste cooking oil collection system characterized by the existence of multiple depots with an outsourced vehicle fleet, where the collection routes have to be plan. The routing problem addressed allows open routes between depots, i.e., all routes start at one depot but can end at the same or at a different one, depending on what minimizes the objective function considered. Such problem is referred as a Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem with Mixed Closed and Open Inter-Depot Routes and is, in this paper, modeled through a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation where capacity and duration constraints are taken into account. The model developed is applied to the real case study providing, as final results, the vehicle routes planning where a decrease of 13% on mileage and 11% on fleet hiring cost are achieved, when comparing with the current company solution.     

渭河流域典型支流致洪临界面雨量确定——以千河流域为例

利用渭河典型支流千河流域千阳水文站控制区域20个气象站2006—2013年的小时降水以及同期水文站的流量和水位数据,基于泰森多边形法、三参数幂函数法、一元非线性回归模型以及概率分布模拟等方法确定了千河流域不同等级洪水发生时对应的面雨量阈值,同时也计算了不同重现期的致洪临界面雨量。研究表明:三参数幂函数模型对水位与流量的关系模拟精度较高,模型能够模拟典型年份发生的洪水;典型控制断面流量主要受前9 h累计降水影响;当汛期水位由901 m升高至超标准水位时,千阳水文站控制流域的致洪临界面雨量增加了将近50 mm,而相应的洪峰流量相差1418.51 m~3·s~(-1);对数皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布能够很好地模拟洪峰流量的概率分布;10—100年重现期下,控制断面水位增加高达2 m。     

Reliability analysis of pedestrian safety crossing in urban traffic environment

This paper describes the pedestrian safety crossing behaviour at signalized crosswalks in an urban traffic environment based on human reliability analysis. In our research, pedestrians’ waiting durations are modelled by a non-parametric and two parametric reliability models that recognize the effects of covariates. The covariates include pedestrian personal characteristics and urban traffic conditions in order to reflect the effects of human factors and internal environment comprehensively. The results indicate that most pedestrians show distinct time-dependent reliability but a few pedestrians are too impatient to wait for the lights changes.     

垃圾填埋场覆盖黄土的甲烷氧化能力及其影响因素研究

利用西安江村沟填埋场不同覆盖时间的临时覆盖黄土和新鲜黄土掺堆肥配置的土样,开展了甲烷氧化培养瓶试验,培养历时最长达22d,研究了不同覆盖时间的覆盖黄土和不同堆肥掺量的新鲜黄土的甲烷氧化能力,以及含水量对覆盖黄土甲烷氧化能力的影响,分析了甲烷氧化过程中各组分气体体积变化关系.研究结果表明:不同覆盖时间的覆盖黄土的甲烷氧化能力相差很大,覆盖3~5年的黄土最大甲烷氧化能力达26.05~53.95μg CH4/(g×h), 而未覆盖的新鲜黄土几乎没有甲烷氧化能力.在新鲜黄土中掺入堆肥,能有效提高其甲烷氧化能力,且在堆肥掺量小于50%时,土样的最大甲烷氧化能力与堆肥掺量呈正比例关系.含水量对覆盖土的甲烷氧化能力有很大影响,黄土甲烷氧化的最适宜含水量约为20% ~ 30%.在甲烷氧化过程中,甲烷氧化菌将CH4中约44%的碳氧化为CO2,其余碳转化为甲烷氧化菌胞内物质.实际工程中进行覆盖层设计时,需要根据填埋场实际产气量和覆盖层导气性确定与甲烷通量相匹配的甲烷氧化速率,进而合理确定堆肥掺量.     

不同好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥优化生活污水短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统运行

采用生活污水接种人工配水下成熟短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒,通过不同好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥优化调控短程硝化反硝化除磷系统运行.结果表明,调控好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥可实现系统的稳定运行.后期稳定期出水COD浓度在50mg·L^-1以下,出水TN浓度低于15mg·L^-1,TN去除率达83%左右并保持平稳,出水P浓度均在0.5mg·L^-1以下,平均去除率为93.72%.同时,分区排泥（70%顶部污泥和30%底部污泥）可作为筛选微生物的途径,维持了良好的亚硝化和除磷性能,使粒径分布更为集中,并保证氨氧化菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）和反硝化聚磷菌（denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms,DPAOs）的生长优势.缺氧时长的增加提高了缺氧异养菌的生长速率,使得缺氧异养菌分泌出更多的EPS,确保了颗粒污泥性状的改善和后续维持稳定.     

MAPPING REGIONAL PRECIPITATION INTENSITY DURATION FREQUENCY ESTIMATES1

ABSTRACT: For regional precipitation frequency analyses, methods are needed to spatially interpolate or smooth point intensity duration frequency (IDF) estimates at gage sites for the purposes of visualization and estimation at ungaged sites. In this study to update IDF estimates for Michigan, the assumption is made that for practical purposes, the entire state may be treated as a homogeneous region in which annual maximum precipitation is identically distributed at each site apart from a site‐specific scaling factor, commonly known as the index flood. Several interpolation and smoothing techniques are evaluated for IDF estimation at ungaged sites, including trend surface analysis, thin plate splines, inverse distance weighting, and several kriging algorithms. Ordinary block kriging is recommended as a practical and objective method for smoothing the variability in the index flood values and developing isopluvial maps.     

STOCHASTIC FLOW DURATION CURVES FOR EVALUATION OF FLOW REGIMES IN RIVERS1

ABSTRACT: A stochastic estimation of low flow in the upper reaches of streams is needed for the planning, development, and management of water resources and/or water use systems. In this paper, the definition and development procedure for the stochastic flow duration curve is presented and applied to five catchments located in eastern Japan and to two catchments in western Thailand. The probability distribution of N‐year daily discharge data is extracted at various percentages of time for which specified discharges are equaled or exceeded in a water year. Such a distribution is usually represented with a straight line on log‐normal probability paper. However, some of the probability plots for the annual minimum daily discharge are best represented with a straight line on Weibull probability paper. The effectiveness of the stochastic flow duration curve defined for the evaluation of flow regime is illustrated through its application. The ten year probability for the discharge exceeded 97 percent of the time may be recognized as an index of low flow. The recession shape of the lower part of the flow duration curve is dependent on the strength of low flow persistence.