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51.
青藏高原年日照时数的年代际变化趋势 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用1961~2007年青藏高原68个气象台站日照时数观测资料,通过统计方法分析了近47 a来青藏高原年日照时数的年代际变化趋势,得到以下几点初步认识:青藏高原年日照时数整体上呈现自东南向西北增加的特点,并且其空间变化趋势也存在明显的区域差异。青藏高原东南部、西藏中部和西藏西南部以及青海北部地区年日照时数减少较为明显,高原西部、西藏中东部地区和青海南部年日照时数呈增加趋势;近47 a来青藏高原年日照时数具有明显的年代际变化特征,年日照时数增加区和减少区分别存在12.1和21.1 a左右的时间尺度;增加区在20世纪60年代至80年代年日照时数处于偏多阶段, 90年代至21世纪初日照时数呈明显的减少趋势;减少区则表现为20世纪60年代至70年代年日照时数有所增加, 90年代日照时数开始急剧减少,21世纪初达到最低值。各年代之间年日照时数变化特点同样具有明显的区域差异。 相似文献
52.
为研究汽车仪表盘人机交互设计对驾驶者辨识效率及正确率的影响,开展模拟试验。为此,调查分析当前常见汽车仪表盘的布局与设计情况,提取4类常用布局、2类常用配色组合而成的35张试验刺激材料,并运用Adobe Illustrator软件对其进行简化设计,试验中,请30名被试认读刺激材料,采用Tobii X2-30眼动仪采集被试完成任务操作时的任务时长、任务搜索时长、正确率等指标,运用SPSS V21.0对指标数据进行差异性分析。最终,从表盘位置、配色设计、误读率和认读速度等4个方面对汽车仪表盘的设计提出建议。结果表明:时速表设置于中间位置会对转速表、水温表的认读产生显著性影响,因而A类布局设计更有利于仪表的整体认读,此外,复杂配色会影响驾驶者的认读效率。 相似文献
53.
山西省近50年日照时数变化趋势分析 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
根据山西省近50 a(1959-2008年)108个地面气象观测站的年日照时数系列数据,采用参数线性回归检验(LR)和非参数Mann-Kendall检验(MK)两种方法,从观测站、全省和综合治理规划地区3个角度,对山西省日照时数的时空变化基本特点进行了研究.统计分析显示,近50 a山西省各个观测站的年平均日照时数在2 070.80~2 973.67 h之间.MK结果表明,(1)108个观测站,100个站的日照时数分别呈显著减少(79个站)和非显著减少(21个站)趋势;8个站的日照时数分别呈显著增加(2个站)和非显著增加(6个站)趋势.(2)山西省的年平均日照时数在总体上呈显著减少趋势(-67.27h/10a),近50a减少了336.35 h.(3)在17个综合治理规划地区中,16个地区的日照时数呈显著减少趋势,尤以省境中心各综合治理规划地区为突出.对比分析表明,LR所得结果与MK的一致性很高. 相似文献
54.
通过评述当前高速列车的发展现状和趋势,结合我国与欧洲在高速列车应用与相关技术研发方面的差距;对ATP控车模式进行分析,并提出采用时段演算针对实时、连续系统的形式化描述工具;根据时段演算的基本符号、公理、定理和推导规则,建立基于时段演算的ATP控车模式形式化模型;通过对模型的推演,对ATP控车模式进行初步安全性分析,发现ATP控车模式下对安全运行发挥主要作用的几个关键环节,特别是确保列车安全行驶,ATP控车与人工控制在转换时应满足的若干时间约束.研究的成果,为设计安全、可靠的ATP系统提供新的理论和分析手段. 相似文献
55.
为减少自动驾驶过程中驾驶疲劳对驾驶人状态的影响,综合分析人机共驾环境下驾驶人的疲劳研究发展现状,系统梳理人机共驾模式下驾驶疲劳的研究成果,探索未来发展方向。首先,通过文献检索与关联性分析,明确人机共驾过程中疲劳累积研究现状;然后,从手动驾驶和人机共驾下的驾驶疲劳致因分析、驾驶时长和非驾驶相关任务对疲劳的影响、人机共驾环境下驾驶疲劳对驾驶行为的影响3个维度,讨论分析研究成果;最后,提出人机共驾环境下驾驶人疲劳研究的不足与发展方向。研究结果表明:人机共驾模式导致驾驶人被动疲劳增加,接管绩效受损,弹性设置非驾驶相关任务与自动驾驶时间可有效缓解被动疲劳;人机共驾过程中驾驶疲劳的演化规律与检测模型尚不明确,结合人机共驾场景特征探索驾驶人疲劳调控策略是未来研究重点。 相似文献
56.
57.
D. A. Higgins A. R. Tiedemann T. M. Quigley D. B. Marx 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(6):1131-1149
ABSTRACT: Streamflow data for water years 1978–84 were evaluated to identify streamflow characteristics for 13 small watersheds (0.46–7.00 mi2) in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation types. The ranges for mean annual water yields, peak flows, and 7-day low flows for the 13 watersheds were 5.5–28.1 inches, 2.0–34.7 cfsm, and 0.006–0.165 cfsm, respectively. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western larch-Douglas-fir (nine watersheds) and (2) other (four watersheds representing fir-spruce, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and mountain meadow). The means for annual peak flows and the slopes of the flow.duration curve were significantly different (p=0.05) for the two vegetation classes; differences in mean annual water yield were marginallysignificant(0.05< p <0.10). After they were adjusted for precipitation, the means for annual water yield, peak flows, and slopes of the flow-duration curve were significantly different for the two vegetation classes; differences in the means for annual 7-day low flows were marginally significant. The western larch-Douglas-fir group had somewhat lower water yields but, overall, tended to have more favorable streamfiow characteristics including lower peak flows, higher low flows, and more evenly distributed flow regimes (flatter flow-duration curves) than the “other” class. Four levels of grazing intensity had no effect on streamilow characteristics. 相似文献
58.
Lauren A. Patterson Martin W. Doyle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(2):543-564
The United States (U.S.) Army Corps of Engineers operates reservoirs across the U.S. with 89% of reservoirs constructed prior to 1980. Many reservoirs have experienced changes in environmental conditions (e.g., climate and sediment yield) and societal conditions (e.g., water/energy demand and ecological flows) since construction. These changes may challenge the potential for reservoirs to meet their operational targets (OTs) (management goals). Historic daily reservoir data and OTs were collected for 233 reservoirs. Analyses were developed to identify when and where reservoirs may be systematically departing from OTs in terms of the frequency and magnitude of departure. Fifty‐six percent of reservoirs consistently met operating targets, 30% were borderline, and 13% experienced frequent and large magnitude departures. Fifty‐two percent of reservoirs with large departures were due to shortages and were located in the South Pacific and Southwestern divisions. This work provides a framework to identify reservoir performance in relation to management goals, a necessary step for moving toward adaptive management under changing conditions. All individual reservoir analyses are provided via an interactive data visualization tool: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/reservoir-data . 相似文献
59.
Bruce Vondracek Julie K. H. Zimmerman John V. Westra 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(5):1005-1015
ABSTRACT: The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model was used to examine the relationship between fish and suspended sediment in the context of a proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) in two agricultural watersheds in Minnesota. During a 50‐year simulation, Wells Creek, a third‐order cold water stream, had an estimated 1,164 events (i.e., one or more consecutive days of estimated sediment loading) and the Chippewa River, a fourth‐order warm water stream, had 906 events of measurable suspended sediment. Sublethal thresholds were exceeded for 970 events and lethal levels for 194 events for brown trout in Wells Creek, whereas adult nonsalmonids would have experienced sublethal levels for 923 events and lethal levels for 241 events. Sublethal levels were exceeded for 756 events and lethal thresholds were exceeded for 150 events in the Chippewa River. Nonsalmonids would have experienced 15 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent in Wells Creek. In the Chippewa River, there were 35 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent and one event in which mortality could have exceeded 20 percent. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has proposed listing stream reaches as being impaired for turbidity at 25 NTU, which is approximately 46 mg suspended sediment/1. We estimated that 46 mg/1 would be exceeded approximately 30 days in a year (d/yr) in both systems. A TMDL of 46 mg SS/1 may be too high to ensure that stream fishes are not negatively affected by suspended sediment. We recommend that an indicator incorporating the duration of exposure be applied. 相似文献
60.
研究故障的频率特点及持续时长对实现高速铁路 (HSR)故障的预测以及提高实时调度指挥水平具有重要作用。基于我国高速铁路2014—2015年故障发生实际数据,分析多条线路故障发生频率的时空分布特点;将故障根据其致因类型分为7大类别,统计分析每类别故障持续时长,探索各类型故障持续时长的分布特征;利用对数正态分布、韦伯分布以及伽马分布拟合各类型故障持续时长,并通过柯尔莫可洛夫-斯米洛夫 (K-S)检验方法对各模型拟合效果进行检验。结果表明:故障频率分布具有明显的时空差异性;对数正态分布是拟合度最好的模型,各类故障持续时长均可认为服从对数正态分布。 相似文献