水库地震的地震动特性

利用新丰江、黄壁庄、喀什、龙羊峡、官厅、刘家峡和陡河等水库地震的近场地面运动资料，给出了水库地震地震动的峰值加速度衰减关系、频谱特性和持续时间。分析结果表明，较：天然地震而言，水库地震的地面运动峰值加速度高，衰减快；地震动反应谱特征频率高，持续时间短；场地卓越周期以坚硬基岩的最短，硬土次之，软土最长。研究得到的水库地震的地震动衰减关系和频谱特性可为水工结构的抗震设计和加固提供借鉴。     

不同好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥优化生活污水短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统运行

采用生活污水接种人工配水下成熟短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒,通过不同好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥优化调控短程硝化反硝化除磷系统运行.结果表明,调控好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥可实现系统的稳定运行.后期稳定期出水COD浓度在50mg·L^-1以下,出水TN浓度低于15mg·L^-1,TN去除率达83%左右并保持平稳,出水P浓度均在0.5mg·L^-1以下,平均去除率为93.72%.同时,分区排泥（70%顶部污泥和30%底部污泥）可作为筛选微生物的途径,维持了良好的亚硝化和除磷性能,使粒径分布更为集中,并保证氨氧化菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）和反硝化聚磷菌（denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms,DPAOs）的生长优势.缺氧时长的增加提高了缺氧异养菌的生长速率,使得缺氧异养菌分泌出更多的EPS,确保了颗粒污泥性状的改善和后续维持稳定.     

渭河流域典型支流致洪临界面雨量确定——以千河流域为例

利用渭河典型支流千河流域千阳水文站控制区域20个气象站2006—2013年的小时降水以及同期水文站的流量和水位数据,基于泰森多边形法、三参数幂函数法、一元非线性回归模型以及概率分布模拟等方法确定了千河流域不同等级洪水发生时对应的面雨量阈值,同时也计算了不同重现期的致洪临界面雨量。研究表明:三参数幂函数模型对水位与流量的关系模拟精度较高,模型能够模拟典型年份发生的洪水;典型控制断面流量主要受前9 h累计降水影响;当汛期水位由901 m升高至超标准水位时,千阳水文站控制流域的致洪临界面雨量增加了将近50 mm,而相应的洪峰流量相差1418.51 m~3·s~(-1);对数皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布能够很好地模拟洪峰流量的概率分布;10—100年重现期下,控制断面水位增加高达2 m。     

西北地区太阳能资源空间分布特征及资源潜力评估

太阳能资源的开发利用对人类减少化石燃料的消费及温室气体的排放具有极其重要的意义。因此,研究某一区域太阳能资源的时空分布及稳定性对于开发利用太阳能资源至关重要。论文从区域的角度,利用西北5省西安、西宁、兰州等27个辐射站逐日太阳总辐射(1961—2008年)和延安、乌鲁木齐、安康等163个气象站逐日日照时数资料(1958—2008年),用统计分析和规则样条函数插值相结合的方法,采用太阳总辐射和日照时数作为评价指标,分析了西北地区近50 a来太阳能资源的时空变化特征。结果表明:①研究区太阳能资源年际变化和季节变化特征基本一致,中部青海地区日照时数最长和太阳能总辐射最为丰富,属于资源丰富区,陕西南部及西南部地区太阳能资源相对最为贫乏,属于资源缺乏区;②近50 a来,西北地区年总辐射呈明显下降趋势,年均日照时数下降趋势较缓;③163个气象站近10 a各月日照时数大于6 h的天数有45～327 d,大部分站点在200 d以上,其中每年有15个站点大于300 d;④陕西中及南部、乌鲁木齐周边地区太阳能资源最不稳定,太阳能稳定程度指数K值最高,为12.21,而青海北部及青、甘、新三省交界地带资源最为稳定,K值最低,为1.27;⑤太阳能资源的稳定程度与资源潜力大小分布较为一致,即太阳能资源较为稳定的地区,总辐射最高、日照时间最长。     

Effects of mating history on ejaculate size, fecundity, longevity, and copulation duration in the ant-tended lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras

The mating system of the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, is highly unusual compared to most other Lepidoptera. Characteristics of this system, which has been termed an ’explosive mating strategy,’ include the formation of an intensely competitive mating aggregation of males, a highly male biased operational sex ratio, a lack of discrimination and mate choice by both sexes, a high variance in male mating success, and female monogamy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that multiple mating by males imposes physiological costs resulting in smaller spermatophores, and that this results in a fitness cost to females. We found that male J. evagoras transferred only 2.2% of their eclosion weight during their first mating, consistent with the hypothesis that males of monandrous species produce a relatively small investment. The wet weight of the ejaculate declined by an average of 27% at the second mating and the dry weight by 29%, and an intermating interval of 5–9 days was needed for the ejaculate to return to the size at the first mating, regardless of male size or age. Wet ejaculate mass increased proportionally with male size, though dry mass was proportionally larger in smaller males. Ejaculate mass tended to increase with male age at both first and second matings. Female characteristics, in general, did not affect ejaculate mass, although the wet weight of the ejaculate was positively associated with female weight at the second mating. Copulation duration increased from 2.4 h to approximately 3 h at the second mating, and to over 4 h at the third and fourth matings. Fecundity was positively correlated with female size but not with mating history, copulation duration, or any other characteristics measured for either males or females. Female longevity declined significantly as the number of times the male partner had previously mated increased. We conclude that despite the small male investment in ejaculate, the costs of multiple mating may nonetheless be significant, as indicated by the reduction in ejaculate mass, an increase in copulation duration, and reduction in female lifespan with increasing mating number. Received: 22 January 1999 / Received in revised form: 28 July 1999 / Accepted: 18 September 1999     

曝气时长对中试曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统中污染物去除的影响

浮萍塘污水处理技术具有管理简便、运行成本低、可资源化回收氮磷污染物等优势。然而,因水体溶解氧(DO)不足造成的污染物去除率低的问题限制了该技术的推广应用。为此,本研究在浮萍塘前端引入曝气塘,构建中试曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统,借此增加浮萍塘DO含量,并进一步考察了曝气时长(0、0.5、1、2和4 h)对污染物去除效果及浮萍生长的影响,以此探寻低耗高效的最佳曝气时长。结果表明,曝气塘可有效降低水体的浊度,但对氮磷去除的贡献较小,氮磷的去除以浮萍塘为主。曝气处理可显著提高曝气塘及浮萍塘水体DO含量和氧化还原电位(Eh),且DO和Eh随曝气时长的增加而上升。此外,曝气处理还能显著促进浮萍生长及其污染物的去除,但促进效果并未简单地随曝气时长的增加而提高。其中,TN、氨氮和浊度的去除率在曝气时长1 h时已基本达到峰值(去除率分别为58.42%、61.89%和89.90%),TP去除率虽在曝气时长4 h时最大(81.44%),但与曝气时长0.5 h(73.05%)相比并无显著差异;浮萍虽在曝气时长2 h时干基生长速率最高(8.00 g·(m²·d)⁻¹),但与曝气时长0.5 h和1 h(7.35 g·(m²·d)⁻¹左右)相比也无显著差异,而曝气成本却成倍增加。因此,综合考虑污染物去除、浮萍生长及曝气成本,建议曝气时长不宜高于1 h,推荐0.5~1 h为佳。以上结果可为曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统的应用及曝气时长的选择提供参考。     

Reliability analysis of pedestrian safety crossing in urban traffic environment

This paper describes the pedestrian safety crossing behaviour at signalized crosswalks in an urban traffic environment based on human reliability analysis. In our research, pedestrians’ waiting durations are modelled by a non-parametric and two parametric reliability models that recognize the effects of covariates. The covariates include pedestrian personal characteristics and urban traffic conditions in order to reflect the effects of human factors and internal environment comprehensively. The results indicate that most pedestrians show distinct time-dependent reliability but a few pedestrians are too impatient to wait for the lights changes.     

STOCHASTIC FLOW DURATION CURVES FOR EVALUATION OF FLOW REGIMES IN RIVERS1

ABSTRACT: A stochastic estimation of low flow in the upper reaches of streams is needed for the planning, development, and management of water resources and/or water use systems. In this paper, the definition and development procedure for the stochastic flow duration curve is presented and applied to five catchments located in eastern Japan and to two catchments in western Thailand. The probability distribution of N‐year daily discharge data is extracted at various percentages of time for which specified discharges are equaled or exceeded in a water year. Such a distribution is usually represented with a straight line on log‐normal probability paper. However, some of the probability plots for the annual minimum daily discharge are best represented with a straight line on Weibull probability paper. The effectiveness of the stochastic flow duration curve defined for the evaluation of flow regime is illustrated through its application. The ten year probability for the discharge exceeded 97 percent of the time may be recognized as an index of low flow. The recession shape of the lower part of the flow duration curve is dependent on the strength of low flow persistence.     

SETTING AN EFFECTIVE TMDL: SEDIMENT LOADING AND EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT ON FISR1

ABSTRACT: The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model was used to examine the relationship between fish and suspended sediment in the context of a proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) in two agricultural watersheds in Minnesota. During a 50‐year simulation, Wells Creek, a third‐order cold water stream, had an estimated 1,164 events (i.e., one or more consecutive days of estimated sediment loading) and the Chippewa River, a fourth‐order warm water stream, had 906 events of measurable suspended sediment. Sublethal thresholds were exceeded for 970 events and lethal levels for 194 events for brown trout in Wells Creek, whereas adult nonsalmonids would have experienced sublethal levels for 923 events and lethal levels for 241 events. Sublethal levels were exceeded for 756 events and lethal thresholds were exceeded for 150 events in the Chippewa River. Nonsalmonids would have experienced 15 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent in Wells Creek. In the Chippewa River, there were 35 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent and one event in which mortality could have exceeded 20 percent. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has proposed listing stream reaches as being impaired for turbidity at 25 NTU, which is approximately 46 mg suspended sediment/1. We estimated that 46 mg/1 would be exceeded approximately 30 days in a year (d/yr) in both systems. A TMDL of 46 mg SS/1 may be too high to ensure that stream fishes are not negatively affected by suspended sediment. We recommend that an indicator incorporating the duration of exposure be applied.     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SURFACE WATER CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS AND LOAD RATES IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Information is lacking on the watershed scale effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds for coal on surface water chemical concentrations and load rates for a variety of constituents. These effects were evaluated on three small, geologically dissimilar watersheds subjected to surface mining in Ohio. Comparisons were made between phases of land disturbances using ratios of average concentrations and load rates: Phase 1 (natural), subphases of Phase 2 (mining and reclamation), and subphases of Phase 3 (partial reclamation and final condition) using 4,485 laboratory analyses of 34 constituents. Average concentration and load rate ratios were categorized into three classes—minor, moderate, and substantial. Mining and reclamation (M/R) affected flow duration curves in different ways‐baseflow changes were variable, but high flows generally increased. The average concentration ratios for all sites were classified as 15 percent “minor,” 36 percent “moderate,” and 49 percent “substantial” (average ratio of 2.4.) Generally load rate ratios increased due to mining and reclamation activities (average ratio of 3.3). Minor, moderate, and substantial impacts were found on average for 7 percent, 23 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, of load rate ratios. The impact of M/R on average load rates was not necessarily the same as on average concentrations due to changed hydrology and can be opposite in effect. The evaluation of the impacts of M/R requires knowledge of changing hydrologic conditions and changing supplies and rates of release of chemicals into streams. Median sediment concentration ratio is an indicator of average constituent load rate ratio of a wide variety of chemical constituents and is useful for development of best management practices to reduce chemical loads. The site at which diversion ditches were not removed during final reclamation sustained large chemical load rates, and removal of diversions at the other mined site reduced load rates. Revegetation of poorly reclaimed areas decreased chemical load rates. Chemical load rates were sensitive to geology, mining, and reclamation methods, diversions, and changing hydrology, concentration flow rate regressions, and watershed areas.