适应多型直升机的外挂设备挂飞耐久寿命考核方法探讨

目的制定合理的方法以考核外挂设备适应多型直升机的挂飞振动寿命。方法根据直升机外挂设备挂飞振动环境的特点和相关标准所规定,提出将各型直升机的正弦频点叠加至同一随机谱型中,并结合现有振动控制仪能力,提出宽带随机叠加正弦扫频的综合振动频谱考核方法。结果综合控制谱覆盖所有相关直升机引起的随机振动环境和正弦振动环境,组织1次试验即可满足所有载机的挂飞寿命考核要求。结论综合振动频谱的考核方法解决了直升机外挂设备适应挂装多型直升机的挂飞耐久寿命考核问题。     

南宁市道路初期雨水径流污染物浓度分析

初期雨水污染是雨水径流污染的主要贡献者,掌握初期雨水的污染特征,对于城市雨水处理设施建设尤为重要。以南宁市为例,开展了城市初期雨水径流污染特性分析,旨在为南宁市海绵城市建设以及雨水处理措施提供参考。选取6个采样点的8场降雨,对常规水质指标(COD、NH3-N、TN、TP、SS)进行分析,揭示了降雨过程中污染物的瞬时浓度分布。结果表明:建成区污染物浓度范围和污染物平均水平均明显高于规划区;不同雨型下,雨水初期冲刷效果强弱顺序为暴雨>大雨>中雨>小雨;除小雨外,其他雨型在降雨20 min左右时污染物浓度达到平衡;暴雨情况下,污染物浓度在5 min内降低50%,15 min内70%~80%的污染物随雨水直排或进入城市管网。     

近50年徐州日照气候变化特征及影响因子分析

利用徐州市日照等观测资料,对徐州市日照时数的年、季、月变化特征进行全面分析。结果表明:徐州市近50年来的年日照时数总体呈减少趋势;从各季日照时数来看,夏冬两季均有减少,其中夏季为四季中日照时数减少最明显的季节;从各月日照时数来看,6月、7月、8月日照时数减少最快;日照时数在20世纪60年代、70年代初和90年代发生明显的变化。另外,对影响日照时数的降水量、云量、雾日、轻雾日等气象因子的变化特征进行分析,找出与徐州市日照时数变化相关的主要影响因子。结果表明,降水量和低云云量的增加以及雾、轻雾等影响日照时数的天气现象日数的增多,是造成徐州市日照时数减少的主要原因。     

Operational sex ratio versus gender density as determinants of copulation duration in the walnut fly,Rhagoletis juglandis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

In laboratory and field studies of the walnut fly, Rhagoletis juglandis Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae), we assessed the effect of operational sex ratio on copulation duration and partitioned the sex ratio effect into component effects due to male density and female density. In our first laboratory experiment, results were clearly consistent with theoretical expectation: increases in male density were associated with significant increases in copulation duration while increases in female density were associated with significant decreases in copulation duration. These component effects yielded a striking composite effect of operational sex ratio (OSR) on copulation duration in which male-biased ratios were associated with low frequencies of short copulations and female-biased ratios were associated with high frequencies of short copulations. Consistent with a priori expectations concerning costs of territorial behavior, the effect of male density on copulation duration was stronger than that of female density. There was no significant interaction between the effects of gender density on copulation duration: each gender density contributed additively to the composite OSR effect on copulation duration. In contrast to the effect of OSR, overall density had little effect. Field data corroborated these findings fully and showed additionally that OSR in the vicinity of fruit tended in nature to be male-biased. In a second laboratory experiment, we measured copulation duration for individuals exposed alternately to male-biased and female-biased ratios. Individual flies consistently copulated for longer in male-biased environments than in female-biased ones. We propose that this plasticity permits individuals to track changes in local sex ratio over space and time and respond appropriately. Received: 15 November 1995/Accepted after revision: 27 April 1996     

Decoupling Streamflow Responses to Climate Variability and Land Use/Cover Changes in a Watershed in Northern China

Restored annual streamflow (Q_r) and measured daily streamflow of the Chaohe watershed located in northern China and associated long‐term climate and land use/cover data were used to explore the effects of land use/cover change and climate variability on the streamflow during 1961‐2009. There were no significant changes in annual precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration, whereas Q_r decreased significantly by 0.81 mm/yr (p < 0.001) over the study period with a change point in 1999. We used 1961‐1998 as the baseline period (BP) and 1999‐2009 the change period (CP). The mean Q_r during the CP decreased by 39.4 mm compared with that in the BP. From 1979 to 2009, the grassland area declined by 69.6%, and the forest and shrublands increased by 105.4 and 73.1%, respectively. The land use/cover change and climate variability contributed for 58.4 and 41.6% reduction in mean annual Q_r, respectively. Compared with the BP, median and high flows in the CP decreased by 38.8 and up to 75.5%, respectively. The study concludes that large‐scale ecological restoration and watershed management in northern China has greatly decreased water yield and reduced high flows due to the improved land cover by afforestation leading to higher water loss through evapotranspiration. At a large watershed scale, land use/cover change could play as much of an important role as climate variability on water resources.     

上海城区典型臭氧浓度偏低年的成因分析

利用2006~2010年上海徐家汇、崇明、宝山、金山和浦东5个监测站的臭氧资料,分析了上海地区不同功能区臭氧的浓度特征及年际变化特征。结果表明：2006年上海地区臭氧平均浓度是这5 a的最低值,以徐家汇和浦东两个站臭氧浓度年际差异最为明显。2006年各站春末和夏季的臭氧浓度明显低于其他年份,而秋冬季臭氧浓度却差别不大。以徐家汇地区为例的综合分析表明,天气状况、日照时数、温度和风速等气象要素不是造成2006年上海城区臭氧浓度偏低的原因,臭氧前体物（VOCs和NOx）才是造成这种现象的主要原因。2006年4~8月NOx和VOCs浓度明显偏低,典型臭氧日变化情况下2006年VOCs/NOx比值较小,平均值为1.22,比2007、2008年低了近65%,而O3的生产率也分别减少了65%和59%。OZIPR模式的结果也表明较低的VOCs浓度以及VOCs/NOx比值,是导致2006年上海城区臭氧浓度偏低的主要原因     

Effects of alternating temperatures on development and reproduction of the armyworm,Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of cycling and constant temperature on development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) were investigated by rearing the insects on the artificial diet under temperatures covering low(16-24℃ vs. 20 ℃ ), medial(20-28℃ vs. 24℃ ) and high(24-32 ℃ vs. 28 ℃) regions. In the low region, all the immature stages of the insect developed significantly faster under alternating temperatures than at corresponding constant temperatures. For the medial region, their development was little affected by variable temperatures. For the high region, developmental durations tended to be longer under cycling temperatures except egg stage.Mean fecundities of the adult moths markedly increased under cycling temperatures as compared with those at respective constant temperature in all regions.Possible reasons for effect of alternating temperatures on insect development are discussed in some details.     

增进我国水资源利用的途径

本文解释中国水资源丰富而且年内逐月分布合适的情况和原由,列举了北半球各地年降水量和年内1月及7月气温的资料,以资比较。其次说明地区或流域水资源的意义和估算主水资源量和客水资源量的公式,区别了可利用的和自然存在的水资源,把可利用的水资源量分析为当地有效雨量、深层有压地下水量和外来值得引用的水量。最后提出增辟我国水资源的4种途径,分析了我国水资源用量和无霜期中气温、日照和降水量等诸农业气候的关系。     

POND SIZING FOR RATIONAL FORMULA HYDROGRAPHS1

ABSTRACT: The Modified Rational formula hydrograph and the Yarnell generalized rainfall chart are generally accepted procedures for sizing storm water detention ponds for small drainage areas. A procedure has been developed to choose the rainfall duration which, for a chosen return period, will result in the largest required storage volume of a detention pond. A graphical solution has been provided and its use has been described by application to an example.     

MULTIYEAR DROUGHT SIMULATION1

ABSTRACT: Previous studies on multiyear droughts have often been limited to the analysis of historic annual flow series. A major disadvantage in this approach can be described as the unavailability of long historic flow records needed to obtain a significant number of drought events for the analysis. To overcome this difficulty, the present study proposes to use synthetically generated annual flow series. A methodology is presented to model annual flows based on an analysis of the harmonic and stochastic properties of the observed flows. Once the model is determined, it can be utilized to generate a flow series of desired length so as to include many hydrologic cycles within the process. The key parameter for a successful drought study is the truncation level used to distinguish low flows from high flows. In this paper, a concept of selecting the truncation level is also presented. The drought simulation procedure is illustrated by a case study of the Pequest watershed in New Jersey. For the above watershed, multiyear droughts were derived from both historic and generated flow series. Three important drought parameters, namely, the duration, severity, and magnitude, were determined for each drought event, and their probability distributions were studied. It was found that gamma and log normal probaility functions produce the best fit for the duration and severity, respectively. The derived probability curves from generated flows can be reliably used to predict the longest drought duration and the largest drought severity within a given return period.