Impact of Grazing Intensity during Drought in an Arizona Grassland

Abstract:  The ecological benefits of changing cattle grazing practices in the western United States remain controversial, due in part to a lack of experimentation. In 1997 we initiated an experimental study of two rangeland alternatives, cattle removal and high-impact grazing, and compared grassland community responses with those with more conventional, moderate grazing practices. The study was conducted in a high-elevation, semiarid grassland near Flagstaff, Arizona (U.S.A.). We conducted annual plant surveys of modified Whittaker plots for 8 years and examined plant composition shifts among treatments and years. High-impact grazing had strong directional effects that led to a decline in perennial forb cover and an increase in annual plants, particularly the exotic cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L.). A twofold increase in plant cover by exotic species followed a severe drought in the sixth year of the study, and this increase was greatest in the high-impact grazing plots, where native cover declined by one-half. Cattle removal resulted in little increase in native plant cover and reduced plant species richness relative to the moderate grazing control. Our results suggest that some intermediate level of cattle grazing may maintain greater levels of native plant diversity than the alternatives of cattle removal or high-density, short-duration grazing practices. Furthermore, episodic drought interacts with cattle grazing, leading to infrequent, but biologically important shifts in plant communities. Our results demonstrate the importance of climatic variation in determining ecological effects of grazing practices, and we recommend improving conservation efforts in arid rangelands by developing management plans that anticipate this variation.     

Effects of alternating temperatures on development and reproduction of the armyworm,Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of cycling and constant temperature on development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) were investigated by rearing the insects on the artificial diet under temperatures covering low(16-24℃ vs. 20 ℃ ), medial(20-28℃ vs. 24℃ ) and high(24-32 ℃ vs. 28 ℃) regions. In the low region, all the immature stages of the insect developed significantly faster under alternating temperatures than at corresponding constant temperatures. For the medial region, their development was little affected by variable temperatures. For the high region, developmental durations tended to be longer under cycling temperatures except egg stage.Mean fecundities of the adult moths markedly increased under cycling temperatures as compared with those at respective constant temperature in all regions.Possible reasons for effect of alternating temperatures on insect development are discussed in some details.     

增进我国水资源利用的途径

本文解释中国水资源丰富而且年内逐月分布合适的情况和原由,列举了北半球各地年降水量和年内1月及7月气温的资料,以资比较。其次说明地区或流域水资源的意义和估算主水资源量和客水资源量的公式,区别了可利用的和自然存在的水资源,把可利用的水资源量分析为当地有效雨量、深层有压地下水量和外来值得引用的水量。最后提出增辟我国水资源的4种途径,分析了我国水资源用量和无霜期中气温、日照和降水量等诸农业气候的关系。     

典型植物化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效果评价

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,从抑制率,有效剂量,起效时间,抑制时效和使用成本等方面评价了酚酸类,生物碱类,脂肪酸和酯类共13种化感物质的抑藻效应.结果表明,生物碱类物质对微藻生长的抑制效果最强,其抑制率（>80%）高达酚酸类,脂肪酸和酯类化感物质的4~52倍,其抑藻时效也显著长于酚酸类,脂肪酸和酯类化感物质.生物碱类物质中,血根碱具有最大饱和抑制率（>90%）,但其单位剂量的抑藻率[11%/（mg/L）]仅为白屈菜红碱,芦竹碱和小檗碱的16%,49%和63%;白屈菜红碱对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用最为灵敏高效,抑制铜绿微囊藻所需的最低剂量为0.2mg/L,最短时间为0.4d,且在2mg/L条件下便能维持7d以上的抑制时效.4种生物碱中,血根碱与白屈菜红碱的使用成本较高,超过芦竹碱和小檗碱的800倍.综合各项抑藻特性,植物化感物质的抑藻能力顺序前四为白屈菜红碱 > 小檗碱 > 血根碱 > 芦竹碱;抑藻成本顺序前四为：壬酸 < 芦竹碱 < 小檗碱 < PHBA.     

我国东南典型侵蚀区坡地磷素流失机制模拟研究

为了研究侵蚀区坡地坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县花岗岩风化母质上发育的红壤为研究对象进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明,坡面径流和壤中流中的总磷流失浓度、总磷流失量均随着降雨强度的增大而增大,随着降雨强度的增大产流初期坡面冲刷效应显现;坡面径流总磷流失量所占每场降雨总磷流失量百分比分布在51%~92%;坡面径流总磷流失浓度在整个过程中波动幅度很大;坡面径流中总磷流失浓度在坡度25°下最高,壤中流中的总磷流失浓度在坡度8°下最高;坡度8°下坡面TP流失量最大,坡面总磷流失量受坡面径流量和雨强影响极显著(p0.01);壤中流总磷流失量较小,受雨强影响极显著(p0.01);磷素流失以坡面径流流失为主,壤中流流失为辅,磷素主要以颗粒态通过坡面径流流失,以溶解态通过壤中流流失.     

BANKFULL HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY RELATIONSHIPS AND RECURRENCE INTERVALS FOR NORTH CAROLINA'S COASTAL PLAIN1

ABSTRACT: Bank full hydraulic geometry relationships relate stream channel geometry to watershed size for specific physiographic regions. This paper presents bank full hydraulic geometry relationships and recurrence intervals for the Southeastern Plain coercion and the flat woods subtype of the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain ecoregion found within North Carolina's Coastal Plain physiographic province. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal survey data from gated and unpaged streams were used to compute channel dimension and profile information. Power functions were developed, relating drainage area to bank full discharge, cross‐sectional area, width, and mean depth. Recurrence intervals of bank full events were estimated from gagged streams using both a Log‐Pearson Type III distribution of peak annual discharge and a partial‐duration series of average daily discharge. Results from both methods indicate that average bank full recurrence intervals for the study area are below one year. Determinations of recurrence intervals by the Log‐Pearson Type III distribution were for the most part inconclusive (less than one year), while a partial duration series estimated a 0.19 year average, ranging from 0.11 to 0.31 years.     

近50年徐州日照气候变化特征及影响因子分析

利用徐州市日照等观测资料,对徐州市日照时数的年、季、月变化特征进行全面分析。结果表明:徐州市近50年来的年日照时数总体呈减少趋势;从各季日照时数来看,夏冬两季均有减少,其中夏季为四季中日照时数减少最明显的季节;从各月日照时数来看,6月、7月、8月日照时数减少最快;日照时数在20世纪60年代、70年代初和90年代发生明显的变化。另外,对影响日照时数的降水量、云量、雾日、轻雾日等气象因子的变化特征进行分析,找出与徐州市日照时数变化相关的主要影响因子。结果表明,降水量和低云云量的增加以及雾、轻雾等影响日照时数的天气现象日数的增多,是造成徐州市日照时数减少的主要原因。     

中国西北地区近47a日照时数的气候变化特征

利用中国西北地区135个测站1961—2007年1—12月日照时数资料,采用EOF、REOF、趋势分析、Mann-Kendall分析、相关分析等方法,分析了47 a来西北地区日照时数的时空分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明:西北地区的日照时数从东南向西北减少,甘青新交界区是西北地区日照的高值区。冬季日照最少,夏季最多,春季多于秋季。西北地区大部分地方日照时数显著减少,全区平均减少速率为19.92 h/10 a,1980年发生突变。新疆西南部和青海南部日照时灵敏有明显增多趋势,甘南—陇中—宁南—陇东—陕中日照时数不显著增多。将西北地区日照时数分为7个不同类型区域:即西北地区东部区、新疆中北部区、新疆西南区、海西北高原区、祁连山区、青南高原和河西走廊区。西北地区东部和新疆中北部的日照时数为单峰型,河西走廊、祁连山区、新疆西南部的日照时数呈双峰型分布,青海高原的日照时数呈三峰型分布。在气候变暖的背景下,西北地区相对湿度增加,云量增多,是造成大部分地方日照减少的主要原因。     

Water budget and the consequent duration of canopy carbon gain in a teak plantation in a dry tropical region: Analysis using a soil–plant–air continuum multilayer model

A soil–plant–air continuum multilayer model was used to numerically simulate canopy net assimilation (A_n), evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture in a deciduous teak plantation in a dry tropical climate of northern Thailand to examine the influence of soil drought on A_n. The timings of leaf flush and the end of the canopy duration period (CDP) were also investigated from the perspective of the temporal positive carbon gain. Two numerical experiments with different seasonal patterns of leaf area index (LAI) were carried out using above-canopy hydrometeorological data as input data. The first experiment involved seasonally varying LAI estimated based on time-series of radiative transmittance through the canopy, and the second experiment applied an annually constant LAI. The first simulation captured the measured seasonal changes in soil surface moisture; the simulated transpiration agreed with seasonal changes in heat pulse velocity, corresponding to the water use of individual trees, and the simulated A_n became slightly negative. However, in the second simulation, A_n became negative in the dry season because the decline in stomatal conductance due to severe soil drought limited the assimilation, and the simultaneous increase in leaf temperature increased dark respiration. Thus, these experiments revealed that the leaflessness in the dry season is reasonable for carbon gain and emphasized the unfavorable soil water status for carbon gain in the dry season. Examining the duration of positive A_n (DPA) in the second simulation showed that the start of the longest DPA (LDPA) in a year approached the timing of leaf flush in the teak plantation after the spring equinox. On the other hand, the end appeared earlier than that of all CDPs. This result is consistent with the sap flow stopping earlier than the complete leaf fall, implying that the carbon assimilation period ends before the completion of defoliation. The model sensitivity analysis in the second simulation suggests that a smaller LAI and slower maximum rate of carboxylation likely extend the LDPA because soil water from the surface to rooting depth is maintained longer at levels adequate for carbon gain by decreased canopy transpiration. The experiments also suggest that lower soil hydraulic conductivity and deeper rooting depth can postpone the end of the LDPA by increasing soil water retention and the soil water capacity, respectively.     

突发事故危害期估算模式研究

针对大气环境突发事故造成的危害,在高斯扩散模式基础上,引入危害半径变化与时间及危害期变化与横风向距离呈线性关系的假设,得出危险源附近各处受危险源突发事故危害的危害时间长短（危害期）一系列定量估算公式,使用方便,结果精确,为环境风险评价提供了有效的工具,可广泛应用于环境风险评价与管理、风险工程设计、风险责任保险等各个领域与事故应急计划制定、事故抢险工作实施.