开封市公园灰尘重金属含量及潜在生态风险

采集河南省开封市区4个典型公园(清明上河园、龙亭公园、铁塔公园、相国寺)52个地表灰尘样品,采用原子荧光(AFS)法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定灰尘重金属含量,并用调整后的Hkanson潜在生态危害分级标准对重金属潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明:灰尘Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn、Cu富集显著。重金属单项生态风险指数(E)顺序为HgCdPbCuNiZnCoCrMnTi,除Hg和Cd出现强烈以上生态风险外,其他重金属风险轻微。所有公园灰尘重金属潜在生态总风险(RI)均在很强等级以上,其大小依次为RI相国寺RI龙亭公园RI铁塔公园RI清明上河园。灰尘Hg和Cd对RI的平均贡献率分别为45.28%和46.77%,是最主要的风险因子。     

辽阳市水泥产业环境污染防治对策分析

分析了辽阳市水泥产业发展现状,提出辽阳水泥产业存在污染严重、破坏生态、工艺落后等问题,结合现实,提出调整结构、制订政策、加强监管、依靠科技等环境污染防治对策。     

Element and mineral characterization of dust emission from the saline land at Songnen Plain, Northeastern China

Recent observations of Asian dust storms show an eastern expansion of the source area to degraded lands, where dust emissions have been little studied. The dust concentrations over the saline land of the western Songnen Plain (SSL), Northeastern China, are circumstantially higher than those from the northwestern Chinese deserts. These concentrations are sensitive to the surface soil conditions and wind velocity on the ground. The dust samples collected during dust storm events on the SSL contain abundant Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Ti, as well as toxic elements such as Cu, V, Zn and Ba. Individual particle analysis reveals that fine saline particles (< 10 μm in diameter) on the saline land, consisting largely of carbonate, halite and sulfate together with lithogenic minerals such as SiO₂ and aluminosilicate, are eventually uplifted during the interval from spring to autumn. The predominantly fine saline particles uplifted from the SSL are likely transported eastward by the winter monsoon circulation and westerlies. Recent degradation of saline lands in Northeastern China would not only increase the frequency of dust storm events in the downwind area, but also might change the chemical composition of the Asian dust emissions.     

有机负荷对颗粒化SBR反应器的影响研究

研究了进水有机负荷对颗粒化SBR反应器的影响.当进水有机负荷由1.8 kg /(m³·d)逐步下降到1.575、 1.125和0.67 kg/(m³·d)时,好氧颗粒污泥形态特征发生了明显的变化,包括颗粒解体,污泥流失,颗粒化程度和整体沉降性能的下降,颗粒形状由较规则的球状变为杆状、星状等多种形状,颜色加深等.好氧颗粒污泥系统对COD和TP的去除率分别为90%和70%左右,且进水有机负荷的降低,对其影响较小,但会严重影响同步硝化反硝化的进行,当有机负荷由1.8 kg/(m³·d)下降到0.67 kg/(m³·d)时,硝化率下降了约45%,反硝化率下降了约40%.     

A/A系统反硝化除磷的强化及其稳定性研究

利用厌氧/缺氧(A/A)SBR,试验研究了选择和富集反硝化除磷菌(DPB)的条件.结果表明,采用电子供体和电子受体充分分开的两段进水方式运行,当厌氧段进水COD与缺氧段投加硝酸盐质量浓度为300 mg.L-1、50 mg.L-1,pH值约为7.0时,DPB可快速成为系统中的优势菌群,系统可达到良好的反硝化聚磷效果;将前述系统改变为一段进水方式运行后,系统仍具有良好的反硝化聚磷效果.在进水磷浓度同为20 mg.L-1下,在缺氧段投加磷的运行方式比在厌氧段投加磷的运行方式更能提高系统的除磷能力.     

高硫抗生素废水微好氧连续处理系统的进水负荷效应研究

在14~18℃条件下探讨了不同进水负荷对高硫抗生素废水微好氧连续处理系统的处理效果和污泥中细菌、酵母菌含量的影响.结果表明,在低负荷[COD=2 kg.(m3.d)-1]条件下,污泥以细菌为优势菌群(细菌含量为96%),污泥浓度和污泥脱氢酶活性(TF/MLSS.t)分别为300 mg.L-1、4300 mg/(g.h),污泥SVI=35 mL.g-1,COD去除率仅为13%;当升高负荷至初始负荷的5倍和10倍时,污泥中以酵母菌为优势菌(酵母菌含量分别为67%和71%),污泥浓度分别为2300、1500 mg.L-1,污泥DHA活性(TF/MLSS.t)分别为9600、10800 mg/(g.h),污泥SVI值分别为160、110 mL.g-1,COD去除率升高到40%~50%,进水负荷对污泥微生态构成和系统处理效果均具有显著影响.     

饥饿期间增加曝气量好氧颗粒污泥的形成特点

高有机负荷率8.0kgCOD(/m3·d)条件下,通过两种不同的曝气方式研究好氧颗粒污泥的形成特点,即在反应器R1中采用恒定的曝气流量,而在反应器R2中,30min曝气后,进行沉淀和排水,然后采用较大的曝气流量进行曝气。研究发现:(1)外部基质在前30min被快速降解,其溶解性有机碳DOC基本被消耗到最低水平;(2)在中途排水后的饥饿状态下增加曝气量的反应器R2相对于曝气量一直不变且中途未排水的R1而言,颗粒变的大而疏松,即:在R2中颗粒尺寸>0.9mm占有93%,而颗粒密度均<1.016g/mL。(3)反应器R2在饥饿状态下增加曝气量可以使胞外多聚物(EPS)糖类被当作基质被消耗。     

杭州城区室内灰尘中多溴联苯醚的含量及人体暴露水平

为了评估杭州城区室内灰尘中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)污染程度,2013年3~8月,在杭州城区随机采集19个办公室、家庭和学生宿舍的室内灰尘样品.用GC-ECD定量分析了样品中14种PBDEs同系物的含量水平、同系物分布和可能的影响因素,并估算了成年人和儿童通过灰尘摄入对PBDEs的暴露水平.结果表明,办公室Σ14PBDEs的平均值9.28×102ng·g-1,中值为1.03×103ng·g-1;家庭Σ14PBDEs的平均值7.83×102ng·g-1,中值为9.11×102ng·g-1;学生宿舍Σ14PBDEs的平均值4.07×102ng·g-1,中值为4.03×102ng·g-1,办公室的污染水平高于居住环境.BDE-209是贡献值最大的单体,其贡献值为75.48%,其次分别是BDE-190、BDE-154和BDE-71.成年人和儿童通过灰尘摄入的PBDEs暴露水平分别为13.12~32.63 ng·d-1和32.40~54.54 ng·d-1,灰尘中儿童的PBDEs人体暴露量高于成人的人体暴露量,主要是因为儿童灰尘摄入量要高于成人.分析得出,从室内灰尘摄入的PBDEs存在健康隐患,儿童潜在危害最大.     

AVGWLF‐Based Estimation of Nonpoint Source Nitrogen Loads Generated Within Long Island Sound Subwatersheds1

Abstract: The Generalized Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF) model and its ArcView interface (AVGWLF) were used to estimate and examine the components of the total nitrogen (TN) nonpoint source (NPS) load generated within New York and Connecticut (CT) watersheds surrounding Long Island Sound (LIS, the Sound). The majority of data used as model inputs were generally available from online sources, and the work involved an overall calibration to streamflow and TN data in accordance with generic guidelines recommended in the GWLF manual. The GWLF model performance for three calibration and two validation watersheds in CT was compared with results of a detailed model, Hydrological Simulation Program in Fortran, developed in a previous study. The results of the application illustrate the usefulness of the relatively simpler, less parameter‐intensive GWLF model in performing exploratory loading analysis in preparation for adaptive nutrient management in the LIS watersheds. The presented methodology is valuable for identification of priority watersheds for NPS pollution reduction and also for planning‐level evaluation of best management practices to achieve the desired reductions. It is estimated that ground‐water base flow may be the largest pathway for NPS TN to the Sound, contributing about 54% of the total NPS TN load, a finding with significant implications for LIS total maximum daily load reduction scenarios. In addition to ground water, septic systems are estimated to contribute about 17% of the total load, with the remaining TN load being mostly runoff from urban (17%), agricultural (5%), and low impact (e.g., forest) areas (6%).     

AnSBBR applied to the treatment of wastewater from a personal care industry: Effect of organic load and fill time

The objective of this work was to study the technological feasibility of treating wastewater from a personal care industry (PCI-WW) in a mechanically stirred anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR) containing immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam. An assessment was made on how system efficiency and stability would be affected by: increasing organic load; supplementation of nutrients and alkalinity; and different feed strategies. The AnSBBR operated with 8-h cycles, stirring speed of 400 rpm, temperature of 30 °C, and treated with 2.0 L wastewater per cycle. First the efficiency and stability of the AnSBBR were studied when submitted to an organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.1–9.4 gCOD/(L d), and when the PCI-WW was supplemented with nutrients (sucrose, urea, trace metals) and alkalinity. The AnSBBR was shown to be robust and presented stability and removal efficiency exceeding 90%. At an OLR of 12.0 gCOD/(L d) efficiency became difficult to maintain due to the presence of commercial cleansers and disinfectants in the wastewater lots. In a subsequent stage the AnSBBR treated the wastewater supplemented with alkalinity, but with no nutrients at varying feed strategies and maintaining an OLR of approximately 9.0 gCOD/(L d). The first strategy consists of feeding 2.0 L of the influent batchwise [OLR of 9.4 gCOD/(L d)]. In the second 1.0 L of influent was fed-batchwise and an additional 1.0 L was fed fed-batchwise [OLR of 9.2 gCOD/(L d)], i.e., in relation to the first strategy the feed volume was maintained but supplied in different periods. In the third strategy 1.0 L of treated effluent was maintained in the reactor and 1.0 L of influent was fed fed-batchwise [OLR of 9.0 gCOD/(L d)], i.e., in relation to the first strategy the feed volume was different but the feed period was the same and the OLR was maintained by increasing the influent concentration. Comparison of the first and second strategies revealed that organic matter removal efficiency was unaffected (exceeding 90%). The third strategy resulted in a reduction in average removal efficiency from 91 to 83% when compared to the first one. A kinetic study resulted in first order kinetic parameters ranges from 0.42 to 1.46 h⁻¹ at OLRs from 3.1 to 12.0 gCOD/(L d), respectively, and the second feed strategy [OLR of 9.2 gCOD/(L d)] was shown to be the most favorable.