鼎湖山PM_(2.5)中化学元素的组成及浓度特征和来源

为研究珠江三角洲大气颗粒物的污染特征及其来源,于2006年6～12月,在鼎湖山利用大流量颗粒物采样仪进行PM2.5样品的采集,并利用ICP-MS分析其中的元素浓度.结果表明,Pb、V、Cu、As、Zn、Se元素平均浓度为216.24、15.40、60.56、31.81、432.06和8.12 ng·m-3,处于高污染浓度水平.因子分析表明,化石燃料的燃烧、金属冶炼工业、扬尘和海盐是该地区PM2.5的主要来源.     

Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

复合型水雾抑尘剂作用机理与优选方法研究*

为有效提高水雾综合除尘性能,基于水雾捕尘过程及抑尘作用机理,从复合抑尘剂润湿、吸湿、黏结作用组分出发,讨论不同性质粉尘与抑尘剂各组分间匹配协同关系,进而研究复合型水雾抑尘剂优选方法。结果表明:湿润组分优选疏水端含有碳碳双键、醚基或链间存在氢键的表面活性剂;通过改变疏水基链长、不饱和度和支链数等方法,使湿润组分亲水、亲油性与粉尘相匹配。吸湿组分优选体心立方晶胞结构、溶解度相对较小的无机盐或混合配方无机盐,或者含极性强、能形成氢键的基团且空间结构复杂的有机吸湿剂。黏结组分优选溶液黏度高、交联网状、结构复杂的高分子聚合物。在上述组分优选的基础上,通过抑尘剂复配性能实验合理确定各组分的最优配比。     

湿式除尘器氢气爆炸事故控制研究*

为降低铝合金湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的风险,提出1种氢气抑制的方法用来降低铝合金湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的可能性。选取柠檬酸钠作为抑制剂开展抑氢实验研究,得到不同浓度的柠檬酸钠溶液随时间变化的抑氢曲线。当柠檬酸钠溶液浓度为0.4~4 g/L时,能有效抑制铝合金粉尘与水的反应。通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和能量色散谱（energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)分析对铝合金粉与柠檬酸钠溶液反应后的产物进行表征。最后,对本文提出的抑氢方法的经济性进行分析,明确该方法在节约安全投入方面具有非常明显的优势。抑氢本质化安全设计方法为控制铝合金湿式除尘系统氢气爆炸事故提供了1种新的思路,同时也可被控制核反应堆氢气爆炸事故所借鉴。     

基于量子化学分析表面活性剂对不同煤种润湿机理的影响*

为研究不同类型表面活性剂对煤润湿性的调控机理,首先将所选煤样的润湿性与煤样成分进行关联分析,然后采用透过高度法实验及量子化学计算相结合的方法研究表面活性剂对煤样润湿性的影响效果及机理。结果表明:煤的润湿性与煤中固有水分、灰分呈正相关关系,与煤中固定碳呈负相关关系;所选取的4种表面活性剂的加入会降低褐煤的亲水性,而对长焰煤、焦煤和无烟煤亲水性有提升作用,并且十二烷基硫酸钠对于这3种煤样亲水性的提升作用最为明显;表面活性剂分子、水分子及煤分子的表面静电势分布共同决定了表面活性剂对煤浸润性的影响。     

基于FLUENT的炼钢电炉车间粉尘控制措施优化*

为降低炼钢电炉车间粉尘对作业人员的危害,通过对某钢铁厂电炉车间实际情况为研究背景,利用现场调研与数值模拟对炼钢电炉车间的粉尘空间分布以及粒子运动规律进行分析。在采用FLUENT粒子流场综合计算的理论基础上,利用DPM颗粒运动轨道中的离散运动模型,加载粒子相,并综合计算两相流,最终得到粒子的运动规律。通过分析逃逸扩散粉尘在不同空间分布中的情况以及扩散粉尘颗粒物逃逸率的情况,综合分析对车间环境造成的影响。结果表明:粉尘粒径越小,对气流的跟随性越好,排风口对粉尘的捕集效果越差;集气罩的安装位置距离污染源越近捕集效果越好;集气罩的尺寸越大对粉尘的捕集效果越好。     

北京市交通扬尘对大气环境质量的影响

利用中尺度气象模式ARPS与空气质量模式Models-3/CMAQ的耦合模式,模拟2002年4个季节代表月份(1月、4月、8月和10月)北京市PM10浓度的时空分布.与监测数据对比分析表明,该耦合模式有很好的可靠性.设计了2种污染源情景方案,分析了北京市2002年4个季节代表月份交通扬尘对市区大气PM10的影响.结果表明,在4个代表月中,交通扬尘对北京市PM10的逐时贡献率波动较大,最高可达33%,最低为3%;交通扬尘对北京市大气PM10影响显著,4个月平均贡献率分别为16.73%、12.92%、18.56%和18.17%,平均贡献浓度分别为27.61 μg/m3、32.80 μg/m3、25.20 μg/m3和24.40 μg/m3.此外,依据模拟结果,结合交通扬尘污染特征与治理现状,提出了北京市交通扬尘的初步治理方案.     

西安市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

对西安市不同功能区大气颗粒物中13种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究表明,西安市冬季大气颗粒物中PAHs污染严重,各采样点13种PAHs总浓度(∑PAHs)为121.61～302.25 ng/m3,平均浓度为188.44 ng/m3,其中强致癌的苯并[a]芘(BaP)平均浓度为12.63 ng/m3;不同功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs和BaP的浓度分布存在明显差异,∑PAHs浓度依次为:交通繁忙区＞学生公寓(燃煤排放明显)＞农业开发区＞高新产业开发区＞商业区＞校园,BaP浓度:交通稠密区＞农业开发区＞环工学院(学校教师的停车场)＞商业区＞学生公寓＞高新产业开发区;不同功能区大气颗粒物中,中高环PAHs含量占优势,不同环数PAHs占总量的比例顺序为4环(38.64%)＞5环(25.17%)＞6环(18.83%)＞3环(10.25%).     

Distribution of Platinum group elements in road dust in the Beijing metropolitan area, China

Dust samples collected from the Beijing metropolitan area （China） were evaluated to determine the distribution and the concentration of platinum group elements （PGEs）. The dust particles that were smaller than 100 mesh size fraction （150 μm） were analyzed after aqua regia digestion. Concentrations ofPt, Rh, and Pd were found to be between 3.96 and 356.3 ng/g, 2.76 and 97.11 ng/g, and 0.1 and 124.9 ng/g, respectively, in the urban areas of Beijing, whereas for the background samples collected from the suburbs of Beijing, the concentrations of Pt, Pd, and Rh were very low and ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 ng/g, 0.5 to 1.4 ng/g, and 0.8 to 2.2 rig/g, respectively. The distributions of PGEs in road dust were an accurate reflection of the levels of pollution and were found to match with the local traffic conditions. A strong positive correlation was established among all the dements found in road dust. This suggests that emissions of abraded fragments from vehicle exhausts may be the source of the high concentration of Pt, Rh, and Pd in road dust along the main roads of Beijing.     

Distribution of PBDEs in air particles from an electronic waste recycling site compared with Guangzhou and Hong Kong, South China

Air samples of total suspended particles (TSP, particles less than 30-60 microm), and particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) were collected simultaneously at Guiyu (an electronic waste recycling site), three urban sites in Hong Kong and two urban sites in Guangzhou, South China from 16 August to 17 September 2004. Twenty-two PBDE congeners (BDE-3, -7, -15, -17, -28, -49, -71, -47, -66, -77, -100, -119, -99, -85, -126, -154, -153, -138, -156, -184, -183, -191) in TSP and PM(2.5) were measured. The results showed that the overall average concentrations of TSP and PM(2.5) collected at Guiyu were 124 and 62.1 microg m(-3), respectively. The monthly concentrations of the sum of 22 BDE congeners contained in TSP and PM(2.5) at Guiyu were 21.5 and 16.6 ng m(-3), with 74.5 and 84.3%, contributed by nine congeners (BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, -154, -153, -183 and -191 respectively). This pattern was similar to Tsuen Wan site of Hong Kong. Two urban sites of Guangzhou had the same congener pattern, but were different from Yuen Long and Hok Tsui sites of Hong Kong. The results also showed that the amount of mono to penta brominated congeners, which are more toxic, accounted for 79.4-95.6% of Sigma(22)PBDEs from all sites. All congeners tested in Guiyu were up to 58-691 times higher than the other urban sites and more than 100 times higher than other studies reported elsewhere. The higher concentration in the air was due to heating or opening burning of electronic waste since PBDEs are formed when plastics containing brominated flame retardants are heated.