兰州远郊区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)2007年1月1日至2009年8月28日黑碳气溶胶浓度和同期常规气象资料,分析了兰州远郊区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征.结果表明,该区黑碳气溶胶日平均浓度为1568ng/m3,低于东部地区区域本底站浓度,表明该地区污染较轻;黑碳浓度具有明显的季节变化,从春季到冬季平均浓度依次增大,分别为1234.74,1290.23,1669.06,2088.73ng/m3,日变化具有明显的双峰结构,最大值出现在09:00,最小值出现在17:00.黑碳浓度的变化特征与本地区的盛行风向、人类活动及天气过程有密切关系.沙尘气溶胶对黑碳浓度的影响取决沙尘过程的强度、沙尘携带的人为污染物的种类及数量、黑碳颗粒被其他气溶胶混合和包裹的程度.统计分析得出该地区大气黑碳气溶胶本底浓度约为1000ng/m3.     

港口煤翻车机房粉尘污染捕集的设计与应用

对煤翻车机房煤尘的污染现状进行了实际测量与数据分析,得到煤尘上扬的数学模型,设计了翻车机房扬尘的捕集系统,并对系统内各个装置的功能进行了分析。采用吹、吸互补并利用导流板的捕尘方式,使无序飞扬的粉尘变成了有序的流动,该方法解决了大区域、复杂工况环境捕集粉尘的问题。     

福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘重金属含量、来源及其健康风险评价

城市地表灰尘中的重金属已成为城市环境和人类健康最重要的威胁之一. 为评价地表灰尘重金属的污染水平,研究了福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中的重金属质量分数、来源及其可能产生的健康风险. 结果表明:福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中w(Cr)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)和w(Cd)分别是福州市城区土壤的2.74、4.21、4.01和4.68倍. 灰尘中重金属Co、Ni和Mn主要来源于城市土壤,Cd、Pb和Cu来源于交通运输过程,Cr来源于城市土壤和交通运输,Zn主要来源于交通运输、城市生活污染和工业活动等复合污染源. 不同暴露途径的重金属暴露剂量和非致癌风险大小排序为消化道>皮肤接触>呼吸吸入. 地表灰尘中重金属非致癌总风险为儿童高于成人. 致癌重金属的暴露风险为Cd>Ni>Cr. 城市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中重金属污染受交通运输影响较大.      

尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶的贡献及其与太阳辐射的关系

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区观测资料,依据尘卷风热力学理论和方法,估算出在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶贡献的年平均量为4.0× 106t,年最大量为5.0×106t,与该地区沙尘暴的沙尘气溶胶年均贡献量相当.依赖于太阳辐射强度季节变化,尘卷风的起沙量具有与地面温度同步的季节变化规律.     

夏季学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染特征和暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对35个南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘样品中的DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP 和DOP等6种PAES进行提取分离,采用GC-MS定量分析,研究了PAEs污染变化特征及暴露风险.结果表明,南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染以DEHP和DBP为主,中位值浓度分别为126.916μg/g和123.591μg/g,两者之和占Σ6PAEs浓度的99%以上,室内降尘中PAEs污染程度和类型与室内含增塑剂产品的数量、室内清洁通风情况及成员性别有关;经口暴露水平大于皮肤,其中DBP、DEHP的暴露量高于美国,占人体总PAEs摄入量比例较高,故学生宿舍降尘中PAEs暴露应给予重视.     

Suitability of various chemically prepared activated carbons for the removal of copper(II) ions

Studies on the suitability of various chemically prepared activated carbons (CPACs) like straw carbon (SC), sawdust carbon (SDC), dates nut carbon (DNC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) for the removal of copper(II) ions by adsorption from simulated wastewater have been carried out under batch mode at 30?±?1°C and the results are compared. The percentage removal of Cu(II) ions increased with a decrease in initial concentration, particle size and added electrolytes (ionic strength) and increased with an increase in contact time, dose of adsorbent and initial pH of the solution. The adsorption data were fitted with the Langmuir isotherm. The applicability of the first order kinetic equation viz. Lagergren equation was tested by correlation analysis. The adsorption process is concluded to be a spontaneous, first order reaction, occurring with increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface. Studies on the desorption of Cu²⁺-loaded activated carbons (ACs) were carried out with nitric acid (0.2–1?N). The possibility of reuse of the regenerated ACs in cycle (in cue-one after another) was tested. SC was found to be a suitable adsorbent alternative to CAC among CPACs for the removal of metal ions, in general, and Cu²⁺ ions, in particular.     

Size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and secondary formation at Mount Heng in South Central China

To understand the size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and the factors influencing secondary aerosol formation in the upper boundary layer in South Central China, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit irnpactor （MOUDI） in spring 2009 at the summit of Mount Heng （1269 m asl）, followed by subsequent laboratory analyses of 13 inorganic and organic water-soluble ions. During non- dust-storm periods, the average PM1.8 concentration was 41.8 μg·m^-3, contributing to 55% of the PM10. Sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium, the dominant ions in the fine particles, amounted to 46.8% of the PM1.8. Compared with Mount Tai in the North China Plain, the concentrations of both fine and coarse particles and the ions contained therein were substantially lower. When the air masses from Southeast Asia prevailed, intensive biomass burning there led to elevated concentrations of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, potassium, and chloride in the fine particles at Mount Heng. The air masses originating from the north Gobi brought heavy dust storms that resulted in the remarkable production of sulfates, ammonium, methane sulfonic acid, and oxalates in the coarse particles. Generally, the sulfates were primarily produced in the form of （NH4）2SO4 in the droplet mode via heterogeneous aqueous reactions. Only approximately one-third of the nitrates were distributed in the fine mode, and high humidity facilitated the secondary formation of fine nitrates. The heterogeneous formation of coarse nitrates and ammonium on dry alkaline dust surfaces was found to be less efficient than that on the coarse particles during non-dust-storm periods.     

固相萃取/气相色谱质谱法测定灰尘中的氯代多环芳烃

建立了固相萃取(SPE)/气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)联用检测灰尘中氯代多环芳烃(ClPAHs)的方法.以正己烷和二氯甲烷混合液为提取溶剂,索氏提取灰尘样品中的20种ClPAHs,活性硅胶层析柱与活性炭混合硅胶SPE柱协同净化.净化后的提取液采用GC/MS测定,SIM模式扫描,并用质谱特征离子定量分析.结果表明,填充量为0.2 g(W(活性炭)∶W(硅胶)=1∶40)的活性炭混合硅胶SPE小柱能有效地将ClPAHs分离出来,载样后采用反向溶剂洗脱,既提高了回收率又减少了洗脱剂甲苯的用量,净化效果好.处理灰尘样品后检测分析,20种ClPAHs的平均回收率稳定在60.4%—120.1%,相关系数>0.99,检出限为0.04—0.17 ng.g-1,相对标准偏差为1.6%—10.2%.本方法前处理简单,定性、定量准确可靠,可广泛应用于环境介质中氯代多环芳烃的检测.     

天气条件及气团来源对青岛春季大气颗粒物数浓度谱分布的影响

利用2010年春季在青岛观测的不同粒径大气颗粒物数浓度,结合同期的Micaps天气图资料及后向轨迹分析资料,探讨了不同天气条件及气团来源不同时青岛大气颗粒物数浓度谱的变化特征.结果表明,沙尘发生前12h,大气中0.3~1.0μm的细粒子数浓度逐渐小幅升高,沙尘发生时>1.0μm粗颗粒物数浓度较沙尘发生前升高了1~10倍,0.3~1.0μm细颗粒物数浓度则降低了20%~45%.降雨使>1.0μm粗粒子数浓度降低>50%,降雨后大气颗粒物尤其是细粒子数浓度很快回升.雾和霾天气发生时1.0μm粗粒子数浓度较高,而局地源气溶胶中粗粒子数浓度较低,<0.7μm细粒子相对贡献较大.     

国内引进催化裂化再生烟气脱硫装置存在问题及对策

对国内引进杜邦Belco公司EDV湿法洗涤脱硫系统治理催化裂化再生烟气运行过程进行分析,指出EDV湿法洗涤脱硫系统存在的问题;并结合中国石油化工研究院开发的10000m3/h催化裂化烟气脱硫、脱硝、除尘一体化技术提出了解决措施,以满足《石油炼制企业污染物排放标准》中催化裂化催化剂再生烟气排放限值。