限流孔烟气采样器的研制及应用

介绍了限流孔烟气采样器的设计原理、主要技术指标、设计指标说明及采样器主要性能。通过测定ＳＯ２标准气体和比对试验，表明限流孔烟气采样器控制流量稳定，计量采气体积准确，应用结果满意。     

Field Comparison of two NO2 Passive Samplers to Assess Spatial Variation

Two-week average NO₂ concentrations were measured in Amsterdam (NL), Huddersfield (UK) and Prague (CZ) at 80 sites in each study area, to assess small area spatial variation, using a tube type and a badge type passive sampler. The badges appeared to be less robust than the tubes. The lower detection limit for tubes and badges was 3.7 and 0.91 µg/m³, respectively for fortnightly measurements. Accuracy of the samplers was determined with reference methods (chemiluminescence). The mean ratio of the concentration measured by diffusion tube over that by the reference method was 1.16, 1.03 and 0.77 in Amsterdam, Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. Standardizing the badges for the results obtained in Amsterdam, the relative mean ratio of the concentration measured by the badges over that by the reference method was 0.95 and 0.58 in Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. NO₂ concentrations measured by the two designs did not differ significantly. Mean NO₂ concentrations were 36, 26 and 22 µg/m³ in Amsterdam, Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. The precision of duplicate tubes and badges was 8% and 11%, respectively. Both samplers are suitable for determining real variation in small area NO₂ concentrations in the ranges which occurred. It is concluded that low-cost, simple NO₂ passive samplers can provide reliable information about variation in NO₂ concentrations within urban or rural areas on a small spatial scale. Based on its robustness and its precision, tubes were preferred over badges.     

Estimating Air Quality in a Traffic Tunnel Using a Forecasting Combination Model

This study performs a field analysis of the diffusion collection rate coefficients of radial geometry passive samplers to measure NO₂ in a Mediterranean coastal area. The study shows that the collection rate coefficients are not constant and depend on certain environmental parameters as well as on the levels of some co-pollutants. A mathematical model, which explains the variation of the collection rate coefficient, has been established.     

Estimates of AOT ozone indices from time-integrated ozone data and hourly air temperature measurements in southwest Sweden

Surface ozone concentration and surface air temperature was measured hourly at three coastal sites, four low elevation inland sites and two high elevation inland sites in southwestern Sweden. Diurnal ozone concentration range (DOR) and diurnal temperature range (DTR) were strongly correlated, both spatially and temporally, most likely because both depended on atmospheric stability. Accumulated ozone exposure above a threshold concentration of x nmol mol⁻¹ (AOTx) was estimated from time-integrated ozone concentration (as from diffusive sampling) and measures of ozone concentration variability. Two methods both estimated 24-h AOTx with high accuracy (modelling efficiencies >90% for x ≤ 40 nmol mol⁻¹). Daytime (08:00–20:00) AOTx could not be equally well estimated. Estimates were better for lower AOT thresholds. Diffusive ozone concentration sampling, combined with hourly temperature monitoring, could be a valuable complement to ozone concentration monitoring with continuous instruments.     

A New All Season Passive Sampling System for Monitoring Ozone in Air

A new all season passive sampling system for monitoring O₃ in the atmosphere has been developed in the laboratory and validated in the field. The unique features for this system include a newly designed passive sampler and a rain shelter, which allow the passive sampler to be installed in the field facing downwards. An equation associated with meteorological parameters is used to calculate the passive sampling rates. This system has been extensively tested in the lab (temperature from –18 to 20°C, relative humidity from 13 to 81%, and wind speed from 0.5 to 150 cm/s) and validated in the field in climates of all seasons. The accuracy of the ozone concentrations in the atmosphere obtained with the use of the new passive sampling system was higher than 85% compared to those obtained with continuous ozone analyzers. The new ozone passive sampling system can be used to measure ambient O₃ concentrations ranging from 3 ppb to 1000 ppb based on one-day exposure and 0.1 ppb to 140 ppb for a monthly exposure period. It is also reasonable to conclude that the new passive sampling system can be used for eight-hour exposure study because of the low field blanks and high sampling rates.     

北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的沉降

对2005年3月─2006年1月北京市东南郊气相、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)以及降尘样品中16种优控PAHs分析发现,降尘样品中2～3环PAHs组分占优势地位,其构成比例与TSP和气相样品差异较大;比较不同采样点、各季节的PAHs沉降速率,对样品中PAHs组分构成比例的特点给予解释,推断PAHs的沉降行为受气象条件、沉降点周围污染源强度以及下垫面性质等因素的影响;对PAHs月均沉降通量与ρ(PAHs)进行相关分析,建立PAHs月均沉降通量与TSP中PAHs总浓度之间的回归方程.      

煤矸石堆放对土壤环境PAHs污染的影响

为探讨煤矸石堆放对土壤环境的有机污染效应,以典型煤矸石区——平煤十二矿为例,利用GC-MS技术对煤矸石、表层土壤及降尘样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量及化学组成特征进行了检测,将PAHs空间分布、环数分布、优势组成与分子标志物参数相结合,定性剖析了煤矸石堆放对表层土壤PAHs污染的贡献.煤矸石、降尘和土壤表层中PAHs综合分析表明,煤矸石堆积区表层土壤US EPA 16种优控PAHs(PHA₁₆)总量为0.94~5.66 μg·g^-1,属严重污染;表层土壤PAH₁₆总量与煤矸石山距离呈负相关关系;煤矸石、降尘及表层土壤中PAHs均为富3环特征,以菲、苯并荧蒽、、荧蒽及芘为优势组成;煤矸石扬尘直降、煤矸石燃烧、原煤煤尘降落和燃烧对土壤环境PAHs均有输入,但近源区煤矸石扬尘直降贡献明显,煤矸石扬尘使煤矿区土壤环境中PAHs污染具有面源贡献的特点,应引起重视.     

徐州北郊大气降尘重金属污染特征与风险评价

采集了徐州北郊第三、四季度大气降尘样品,分析了降尘中As、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu的污染水平和健康风险.结果表明,研究区域降尘中Pb、Cu、Cr、As和Cd沉降通量分别为1.49,1.21,0.96,0.243mg/（m²·月）,以及9.23μg/（m²·月）.降尘中5种元素含量均超过当地土壤背景值,但未超过相关标准值.研究区域内Cu空间变异性最强（110.05%）,Pb的沉降通量最高,Cd最低,相较于国内其他工业城市,Cr、Cu的沉降通量偏高,Cd偏低.时间上,第三季度,5种重金属地累积指数排序为：Cu>Pb>Cd>As>Cr;第四季度则为Pb>Cu>Cd>As>Cr.其中Cu、Pb、Cd污染程度均在中度和偏重度以上,As介于轻度和偏中度污染,Cr为轻度污染.10处监测点各重金属均为轻微潜在生态风险,降尘中As对儿童存在一定的非致癌风险和经口摄入的致癌风险.     

Monitoring gas- and particulate-phase short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in the urban air of Dalian by a self-developed passive sampler

The concentration of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) in the urban air of Dalian,China was monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with a self-developed passive sampler(PAS1) and an active high-volume sampler, simultaneously. PAS1 successfully collected the entire target SCCPs in the ambient air. Air SCCPs sampled by PAS1 were found be in the linear uptake stage during 181 days of sampling. Passive and active samples showed comparable congener profiles, and the dominant contributors of SCCPs in the two kinds of samples were similar. A significant linear correlation was observed between the total concentration of SCCPs sampled by PAS1 and active sampler in the four seasons. The passive sampling rates of the PAS1 for the gas and particulate phases of SCCPs were measured. The quantitative structure–property relationship of the sampling rate of PAS1(Rair) for gas-phase SCCPs was studied. From the molecular point of view, Rairwas mainly affected by the molecular weight and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure of SCCPs. In general, SCCPs in the urban air of Dalian mainly existed in gas phase,lower molecular weight SCCPs primarily occurred in the gas phase, whereas higher molecular weight SCCPs were predominately adsorbed or absorbed on airborne particles. The air concentration of SCCPs in the four seasons were different, the correlation of the concentration of SCCPs in the air with the meteorology parameters was conducted. The exposure risk by intake air SCCPs of the residents around the sampling sites was evaluated according to the European risk assessment standards.     

泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素地球化学特征及来源解析

稀土元素因其特殊的地球化学特性,具有一定的示踪性质.为了研究泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素地球化学特征及其来源,在泉州市不同功能区以及潜在源区共采集降尘样品34份,对REE组成特征、配分模式、特征参数进行了分析并结合三角图和特征参数关系图解揭示了其来源.结果表明,泉州市大气降尘的ΣREE空间分布差异较大,由高到低顺序为工业区交通繁忙区商业区居住区农业区.居住区、交通繁忙区、商业区的ΣREE变异系数均较小,显示其来源的一致性.降尘和潜在源样品中稀土元素的配分曲线均为右倾,轻稀土相对重稀土富集,具有明显的Eu负异常,表明研究区大气降尘具有较明显的陆源属性.各功能区降尘与潜在源的部分REE特征参数平均值较接近,未能揭示空间差异的成因.LaCeV三角图解表明居住区、交通繁忙区、商业区降尘中REE主要受交通源和土壤尘的影响,其次为燃煤源.δEu-ΣREE和HREEN/MREEN-LaN关系图解进一步说明汽车尾气排放是交通繁忙区和商业区降尘中REE的主要来源.所有功能区的稀土元素受钢铁厂排放物和水泥尘的影响较小,且农业区和工业区的稀土来源与其他功能区存在差异.