Exploring the effects of reductions in krill biomass in the Southern Ocean on blue whales using a state-dependent foraging model

Many species of baleen whales were hunted to near extinction in the Southern Hemisphere. The recovery of these populations will be affected by the availability of krill, a major dietary component, in the Southern Ocean. We combine a novel energetics model for baleen whales with a state dependent foraging model to explore the impacts of an expanding krill fishery on baleen whales. We parameterize the model for blue whales, but with simple modifications it could be applied to most baleen whales. We predict that an expanding fishery will have a small but significant impact on the blue whale population through decreased birth rates. However, spreading the catch limit throughout the range of krill can reduce these effects. In addition, whales may be able to reduce these impacts through adaptive changes in foraging behavior. The relationship between krill abundance and blue whale foraging and reproductive success is nonlinear, such that larger reductions in krill biomass, potentially following a loss of sea ice due to climate change, could have a much larger negative impact on the recovery of blue whales.     

轨道交通运行引起的场地振动实测研究现状

随着快速轨道交通的发展,轨道交通运行所带来的振动影响越来越严重,而已有的轨道交通运行引起的场地振动实测研究,大多集中在列车速度较低的情况下,已无法解决现行问题.本文通过对轨道交通运行引起的场地振动的现场测试进行评述,总结了目前该实测研究中存在的问题,提出尚需进一步研究的建议.今后的研究需综合分析各种因素对地面振动和地基...     

名山旅游区旅游环境容量动态变化规律研究——以张家界森林公园为例

在研究名山旅游区资源生态系统特点及环境管理现状的基础上,以张家界森林公园为例,对名山旅游区旅游环境容量的各要素伴随名山旅游区旅游业发展所显现的动态变化状况进行研究,探讨其变化规律,为制定合理环境管理容量与环境管理措施提供依据.     

非对称双轨火箭橇动力学建模与仿真研究

目的 以高速非对称双轨火箭橇系统为研究对象,建立包含橇-轨相互作用的相关动力学模型,开展全轨范围内的动态特性数值模拟研究。方法 在明确火箭橇的组成和动力学过程基础上,对非对称双轨火箭橇进行受力分析,推导和建立非对称火箭橇-轨道耦合动力学模型,并对火箭橇进行自由模态分析。分析获得火箭橇气动力时程曲线、考虑火箭发动机质量损失的附加质量时程曲线,同时重构了轨道不平顺模型作为轨道激励。在此基础上,采用动力学软件分析火箭橇系统的动态特性。结果及结论 产品橇模态高于第二级推力橇,第二级推力橇模态高于火箭橇整体模态。火箭橇加速度随运行速度的增加而增大,竖向加速度大于横向加速度,火箭橇高速运行过程时的危险部位位于侧边翼上,有折断的风险。火箭橇竖向滑靴之间存在相位差,火箭橇竖向做俯仰运动,横向为往复摆动,竖向动力响应约为横向的1~2倍。     

三峡升船机上闸首结构动力试验研究及数值分析

采用振动台动力模型试验和有限元数值计算相结合的方法，对结构－岩基－库水系统的动力反应进行了分析，并应用于三峡升船机上闸首结构，结果表明：模型试验反映出的应力、变形规律是合理的，有限元计算的应力分布规律和试验基本一致，并且量值接近，这也说明了本文试验及计算成果的正确性与可靠性，本文的一些结论可作为结构设计的参考     

铬渣动态淋滤重金属铬溶解释放规律研究

为了全面系统地研究铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)溶解释放特征,以锦州和沈阳两地铬渣堆场为研究对象,通过动态淋滤试验,测定滤出液中Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的质量浓度变化,分析铬渣淋滤液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)溶解释放规律。试验结果表明,锦州新铬渣和沈阳陈铬渣淋滤过程中,Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬浓度都经历先迅速下降再缓慢下降的过程;相较锦州新铬渣,沈阳陈铬渣Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬浓度下降都较慢,且初始浓度也较低;相比Cr(Ⅵ)的溶出,两地铬渣Cr(Ⅲ)的溶出量均较少,Cr(Ⅲ)溶出占比呈波动性上升趋势;锦州新铬渣和沈阳陈铬渣的Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬溶出浓度随淋出液体积分别呈双指数曲线衰减关系和幂函数曲线衰减关系。试验成果将为防治铬渣对地下水污染提供科学理论依据。     

太湖蠡河小流域水质的空间变化特征及污染物源解析

为了解太湖流域河流中污染物的来源及时空变化特征,于2014年在太湖湖西区蠡河小流域开展水质监测,对从上游到下游的5个监测点汛期和非汛期水体中的总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、化学需氧量(COD)浓度的变化规律及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,监测期间流域水体中TP、NH_4~+-N、COD的浓度均值为0.176、1.075、10.626 mg·L~(-1),水质状况总体较好,未超过Ⅳ类水标准.从上游到下游TP、NH_4~+-N浓度逐渐升高,下游水质较差,均属于劣Ⅴ类水质;而COD浓度较低,未超过Ⅳ类水标准.受降雨的影响,污染物浓度在汛期略高于非汛期.在非汛期,污染物浓度从上游到下游逐渐升高,而在汛期,各监测点污染物浓度没有明显的变化趋势.随着居民地面积的增加,林地面积的减少污染物浓度逐渐升高.流域人口密度、畜禽养殖与水体中污染物浓度显著相关.蠡河流域农业面源污染的主要来源是生活源和畜禽养殖源.     

火电厂氮氧化物排放量动态更新方法研究

有效控制氮氧化物是我国“十二五”环保重点工作之一,如何实现氮氧化物减排监管和核查核算显得十分重要,但是我国尚未建立科学合理的行业氮氧化物排放量核算核查方法。以火电行业为研究对象,首次系统提出火电行业氮氧化物排放量的动态更新方法。提出3种不同的污染源排放动态更新方法：源活动强度动态更新法、污染源增减动态更新法、综合排放因子动态更新法,详细分析了方法原理、计算公式和使用范围,并在2008年我国火电氮氧化物排放量基础上,分别对2009年火电氮氧化物排放量进行了动态更新核算     

Incorporation of Recreational Fishing Effort into Design of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  Theoretical models of marine protected areas (MPAs) that explore benefits to fisheries or biodiversity conservation often assume a dynamic pool of fishing effort. For instance, effort is homogenously distributed over areas from which subsets of reserves are chosen. I tested this and other model assumptions with a case study of the multiple-use Jervis Bay Marine Park. Prior to zoning of the park I conducted 166 surveys of the park's recreational fisheries, plotting the location of 16,009 anglers. I converted these plots into diagrams of fishing effort and analyzed correlates between fishing and habitat and the effect of two reserve designs—the draft and final zoning plans of the park—on the 15 fisheries observed. Fisheries were strongly correlated with particular habitats and had negatively skewed and often bimodal spatial distribution. The second mode of intensely fished habitat could be 6 SD greater than the fishery's mean allocation of effort by area. In the draft-zoning plan, sanctuary zone (no-take) area and potential subduction of fishing effort were similar. In the final plan, which was altered in response to public comment, the area of sanctuary zone increased, and the impact on fishing effort decreased. In only one case was a fishery's most intensely targeted location closed to fishing. Because of the discriminating manner with which fishers target habitats, if simple percentage targets are used for planning, sanctuary location can be adjusted to avoid existing fishing effort. According to modeled outcomes, the implication of this may be diminished reserve effectiveness. To address this, reserve area should be implicitly linked to subducted fishing effort when promoting or modeling MPAs.     

Nutrient depletion is the main limiting factor in the crude oil bioaugmentation process

The biodegradation was considered as the prime mechanism of crude oil degradation. To validate the efficacy and survival of the crude oil-degrading strain in a bioremediation process, the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (egfp) was introduced into Acinetobacter sp. HC8–3S. In this study, an oil-contaminated sediment microcosm was conducted to investigate the temporal dynamics of the physicochemical characterization and microbial community in response to bacterium amendment. The introduced strains were able to survive, flourish and degrade crude oil quickly in the early stage of the bioremediation. However, the high abundance cannot be maintained due to the ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) and phosphorus (PO₄^3?-P) contents decreased rapidly after 15 days of remediation. The sediment microbial community changed considerably and reached relatively stable after nutrient depletion. Therefore, the addition of crude oil and degrading cells did not show a long-time impact on the original microbial communities, and sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients ensures the survive and activity of degrader. Our studies expand the understanding of the crude oil degradative processes, which will help to develop more rational bioremediation strategies.