Construction and demolition waste generation in cities in India: an integrated approach

ABSTRACT

This paper quantifies construction and demolition waste (C&DW) generation rate in Indian cities using bottom-up material flow analysis approach. A dynamic model was applied to different classes of cities in India to investigate how C&DW generation rate varies across different classes of cities. The data on construction and demolition activities in different classes of cities were estimated from information reported in secondary literature. The results show that urban areas in India generated over 150 million tonnes of C&DW in 2016, and almost 50% of waste was generated in small to medium towns. The paper concludes with discussion on opportunities for recycling of C&DW and closing the material loops in Indian cities.     

长江中游城市群空间联系网络结构及其动态演化

长江中游城市群是推动和引领长江中游地区乃至中部经济崛起的重要增长极。应用社会网络方法,对1990、2000、2012年长江中游城市群空间网络结构动态演变进行比较分析,研究发现:(1)1990年,武汉市与长沙市是长江中游的中心城市,长江中游城市群空间网络形态尚不完备,多数城市游离于网络之外,呈现一种稀疏网络空间结构,分别以武汉市和长沙市为中心形成两个星形城市小群体,构成的线型空间结构;(2)2000年,长江中游城市群网络结构日趋完整,武汉城市圈与长株潭城市群联系密切,环鄱阳湖城市群在南昌市的带领下积极融入其中;(3)2012年,南昌市由节点城市升级为中心城市,城市群网络异质性降低,网络扩散更为均匀,空间联系效率整体提高。城市群内城市间联系更加紧密、直接和成熟;(4)加强城市之间的直接交流联系,以共享目标引导城市群网络构建,走跨省区城市集群联合发展道路,发展多中心网络结构是实现长江中游地区崛起的关键。     

人力资本对农业现代化的影响及动态转换实证

迈入经济新常态,农业现代化发展仍然是新四化中的薄弱环节与战略焦点。新时期如何推动农业现代化发展存在诸多争议,现有政策架构设计和任务聚焦虽然将农业现代化提到新的高度,但过多强调物质资本对农业现代化的推动作用,在四化同步新时期以及谁来种粮困境倒逼下政策效果并不显著,而且随着四化同步深化,这种不兼容性可能还会凸显。现实困境与制度背离催促政策调整和路径创新。为此,本研究从人力资本视角探求其对农业现代化的影响效应及其动态转换性,旨在对这种困境成因给予解答。基于相关量化数据,本文建立普通面板模型和门槛面板模型实证研究发现:我国省级样本跨期内,人力资本对农业现代化的影响效应显著为正,且相比其他变量其边际影响系数最大;人力资本对农业现代化的影响在不同人力资本积累水平和不同工业化阶段存在显著的动态转换特征:具体来说,随着人力资本积累深化或者说当人力资本跨越相应门槛值后其对农业现代化的影响强度亦会发生变化,但总体来说呈现边际收益递减规律。从工业化阶段层面来看,随着工业化阶段转变,人力资本作用与地位会愈发凸显,尤其是其跨越第三个门槛值后迈入第四阶段后,其对农业现代化的影响效应将达到最大。研究不但揭示了农业现代化发展的人力资本之谜,也为四化同步新时期推动农业现代化发展和政策调整指引了方向。此外,从控制变量层面来,农业分工、农业结构对农业现代化影响显著为负,农业研发和工业化对农业现代化影响显著为正。最后,文章基于实证结论给出了相关政策建议。     

雾霾污染的城市间动态关联及其成因研究

面对严重的雾霾天气以及雾霾污染边界不断扩张的严峻挑战,加快创新大气污染联防联控体系以形成跨区域协同治污合力势在必行。本文基于京津冀、长三角、珠三角、成渝、长中游等五大地区96个城市2015年的空气质量指数(AQI)以及PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO、NO_2、O~3等6种分项污染物的逐日数据,从时间序列数据"预测能力"的视角,在向量自回归模型框架下识别雾霾污染的城市间动态交互影响效应,运用社会网络分析方法刻画雾霾污染空间关联的网络结构特征。在此基础上,运用二次指派程序从分项污染物视角考察雾霾污染空间关联的关键诱因,并利用双变量Moran指数揭示雾霾污染与其影响因素之间的空间相关性。研究发现,城市雾霾污染之间存在普遍的动态关联关系且呈现出联系紧密、稳定性强、带有明显特征的多线程复杂网络结构形态。不论在地区内部还是在全部样本城市当中,均不存在孤立的城市节点,这意味着面对雾霾污染的空间关联网络,任何一个城市都不能独善其身,均受到来自地区内部和地区以外其他城市以及它们构成的空间关联网络的影响。在六种分项污染物中,PM_(2.5)的空间关联是导致雾霾污染空间关联的最主要诱因。城市雾霾污染与其影响因素尤其是城市人口密度、投资强度、工业污染排放之间存在显著的空间相关性。基于上述结论,中国应当加快构建以防控PM_(2.5)为重点的跨区域雾霾污染协同治理机制,并将其融入城市群发展战略以及区域发展战略之中,最终实现包含雾霾污染协同治理在内的全方位的区域协同发展。     

长江三角洲地区人口空间演变特征及动力机制

研究区域人口空间演变,可揭示区域人口空间分布的规律性,对于制定合理的人口发展政策,促进区域的可持续发展,均具有重要意义。根据1982、1990、2000年人口普查资料,结合长江三角洲地区各市历年统计年鉴,先对本地区的人口分布空间格局进行了分析,得出各地市人口数量差异巨大、人口密度北高南低、沿交通轴线人口集中分布的特点,然后对20世纪80年代以来人口分布的动态变化特征、规律做了较细致探讨,得出各地区人口增幅存在较大差异、人口密度增长总体放缓、人口分布先集中后分散、人口重心由东北向西南移动等演变特征。并结合影响区域人口空间分布的外部因子进行解释,认为经济因素、城市地位与功能、政策因素以及信息交通等因素是造成本区人口空间结构发生巨大变化的原因。     

Validation of the CANDY model with Russian long-term experiments

The CANDY model has been qualitatively assessed for simulating long-term dynamics of soil organic carbon and tested against different long-term experiments representing various land uses and geographical sites, but never before against conditions of the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Our goal was to simulate long-term trends in soil organic carbon for the long-term experiments of Barybino (Moscow region, Russia), Grakov (Kharkow region, Ukraine) and Yachenka (Minsk region, Belarus) representing the predominant arable soil types, climate conditions and typical management strategies for the investigated arable areas. The fit of modelled results to the observed data was evaluated to assess the suitability of the model for further applications in the FSU. The crop parameters of the CANDY model had to be adapted to the low yields observed under the Russian site conditions resulting in a higher sensitivity to crop-derived carbon input as a function of yield. The results show that the approach of treating the organic carbon situated in micro pores as inert, is an applicable solution for simulating soil carbon dynamics under Russian conditions. This evaluation of CANDY, against long-term experiments from Russia, gives confidence for its wider application in this region.     

六自由度动态模拟环境试验系统

六自由度动态模拟环境试验是考核车辆、舰船等运输工具在复线路面谱或海浪谱的运动条件和不同气候环境条件同时作用下的性能可靠性和行驶安全性及其使用寿命的重要模拟试验方法。本文详细介绍了为满足这一试验而研发的六自由度动态模拟环境试验系统。     

动态系统物元模型在综合水质预报中的研究和应用

在研究物元分析理论的基础上,以不同时段的水体综合水质建立动态系统物元,运用综合评判模型对其进行综合水质评定,并通过建立回归预警模型进行综合水质预报。在实例应用中取得了较满意的结果,论证了该方法的合理性和可靠性,为环境质量预测提供了一种全新的思路和方法。     

Effects of Urbanization on Occupancy of Stream Salamanders

Abstract: Urban development is the most common form of land conversion in the United States. Using a before–after control‐impact study design, we investigated the effects of urbanization on larval and adult stages of southern two‐lined salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) and northern dusky salamanders (Desmognathus fuscus). Over 5 years, we estimated changes in occupancy and probabilities of colonization and survival in 13 stream catchments after urbanization and in 17 catchments that were not urbanized. We also examined effects of proportion of urbanized area in a catchment and distance of the salamander population to the nearest stream on probabilities of colonization and survival. Before urbanization, adult and larval stages of the two salamander species occupied nearly all surveyed streams, with occupancy estimates ranging from 1.0 to 0.78. Four years after urbanization mean occupancy of larval and adult two‐lined salamanders had decreased from 0.87 and 0.78 to 0.57 and 0.39, respectively. Estimates of mean occupancy of larval northern dusky salamanders decreased from 1.0 to 0.57 in urban streams 4 years after urbanization; however, adult northern dusky salamander occupancy remained close to 1.0 in urban streams over 5 years. Occupancy estimates in control streams were similar for each species and stage over 5 years. Urbanization was associated with decreases in survival probabilities of adult and larval two‐lined salamanders and decreases in colonization probabilities of larval dusky salamanders. Nevertheless, proportion of impervious surface and distance to nearest stream had little effect on probabilities of survival and colonization. Our results imply that in the evaluation of the effects of urbanization on species, such as amphibians, with complex life cycles, consideration of the effects of urbanization on both adult and larval stages is required.     

月湖底泥疏浚后底栖动物群落的恢复及其与环境的关系

研究对月湖底泥疏浚后底栖动物群落动态进行逐月的周年调查,并分析了底栖动物密度、生物多样性与环境因子的关系,结果表明：疏浚导致大型底栖动物基本消失,现存量从疏浚前的（4387±885）ind·m-2降低至（80±21）ind·m-2。疏浚后,寡毛类成为受干扰系统恢复过程中的先锋种类,在春季（4月）和秋冬之际（11月）出现2个密度高峰,分别为（1010±230）ind·m-2和（1538±408）ind·m-2,而摇蚊幼虫在疏浚一年后的秋冬季密度达到高峰（2021±612）ind·m-2,二者均基本恢复到疏浚前的密度水平。种类组成与疏浚前相似,优势种类数较疏浚前多,7月份以前,以霍甫水丝蚓占绝对优势,7月份以后以长足摇蚊占绝对优势。生物多样性在秋冬季恢复到疏浚前水平。寡毛类、摇蚊幼虫的密度、生物多样性与湖水溶氧、透明度呈显著正相关,与水体营养水平（TN、TP、有机碎屑）呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。分析认为疏浚后底栖动物群落的季节变化与动物的生命周期（繁殖和生长）密切相关,而营养水平不是限制动物种群密度分布的主要因子。从底栖动物群落的恢复情况来看,疏浚后的底质环境更有利于底栖动物群落的生存和底栖生态系统的重建。