芬顿氧化试验中残余双氧水对CODcr测定的影响研究

在采用Fenton高级氧化技术对垃圾压滤液进行处理时,作为氧化剂的双氧水经常不能完全消耗。而使用重铬酸钾法进行CODcr测定时,待测水体中残余的双氧水会表现出还原性而消耗重铬酸钾,对最终CODcr测定结果产生影响。本文分析了在垃圾压滤液中不同浓度双氧水对CODcr测定的影响大小,得出双氧水浓度对CODcr影响曲线,同时为消除双氧水对CODcr测定结果影响,在试验中投加过量硫酸亚铁与双氧水反应,当投加量达到理论反应量的1.0～1.2倍时,对双氧水去除效果最好,使后续的CODcr测定试验更加准确。     

电催化氧化法处理阳离子染料废水的试验研究

以结晶紫作为阳离子染料,采用电催化氧化法对阳离子染料溶液进行了电解脱色处理试验,研究了电流密度、电解质种类、电解质浓度、pH值等对该溶液脱色率的影响,测定了电解时溶液中生成的余氯浓度和溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱曲线,并对不同电解时间的溶液的吸光度进行了归一化计算。结果表明:随着电解时间的延长,水溶液中活性氯浓度不断上升,经一定时间后达到最大值;在电催化和活性氯的协同作用下,阳离子染料结晶紫分子中的大π共轭体系被破坏、苯环结构基本瓦解,溶液快速脱色;在电流密度为5.1mA/cm2、NaCl浓度为4g/L、pH值为9.41的条件下,初始浓度为100mg/L的结晶紫溶液经过20min的电解,其脱色率可高达98.31%。     

海水淡化水在既有管网输配的铁释放控制研究

由于具有强腐蚀性,海水淡化水在既有市政管网输配过程中往往会产生严重的"红水"现象,主要是由于管网中铁的释放.为了研究控制既有管网中铁释放的有效措施,对管龄为30～40 a的钢管和灰口铸铁管内壁的腐蚀瘤进行分析,主要组成物质为Fe3O4和FeOOH;选择腐蚀较严重的钢管进行静态浸泡试验,重点分析了自来水和淡化水的掺混比、pH值、碱度、氯离子和硫酸根离子对铁释放的影响,并以铁浓度为控制量,初步给出了海水淡化水在既有管网中安全输配所需满足的水质条件:自来水和淡化水的掺混比≥2∶1,pH值在7.6以上,碱度>200 mg.L-1.     

福建省近10年生态足迹与生态承载力研究

利用生态足迹分析法分析了福建省1995年、2000年和2004年的生态足迹及生态承载力.将福建省资源利用的动态特征纳入生态足迹模型中,在此基础上进行横向和纵向比较.结果显示,福建省人均生态赤字从1995年的0.340 3 hm2、2000年的0.443 6 hm2上升到2004年的0.720 2 hm2.这说明福建省在近10年的发展中,生产、生活强度大幅度增加,超过了自然生态系统的承载力,维持现状将难以保证可持续发展.因此,应提高科技与农林业结合水平,大力提倡节约型生活及消费方式,减少生态赤字,遏制生态环境的恶化.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.     

Sludge concentration dynamic distribution and its impact on the performance of UNITANK

UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant （WWTP） of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.     

Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of repeated field applications of three urban compost amendments and one farmyard manure amendment over a 9-year period on aggregate stability in a silty loam soil initially characterized by low clay and initial organic matter contents and poor aggregate stability. Three different aggregate stability tests with increasing disruptive intensities (fast wetting > mechanical breakdown > slow wetting tests) and different disaggregation mechanisms, were used. All of the amendments, which were applied at approximately 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ every other year, increased the organic carbon content and improved the stability of the aggregates against the disruptive action of water, as determined by each of the stability tests. However, the year-to-year variations in the aggregate stability that related to factors other than the organic inputs were greater than the cumulative increase in aggregate stability relative to the control. The positive effects of the tested amendments on aggregate stability were linked to their contribution to soil organic C contents (r = 0.54 for the fast wetting test and r = 0.41-0.42 for the mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests; p < 0.05). The addition of urban composts had a larger positive effect on aggregate stability than farmyard manure at the majority of sampling dates. The addition of biodegradable immature compost, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), improved the aggregate stability through an enhanced resistance to slaking. The addition of mature composts, such as the co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (GWS) or biowaste compost (BW), improved the aggregate stability by increasing interparticular cohesion. The MSW compost was the most efficient in improving aggregate stability during the first 6 years of the experiment (average improvements of +22%, +5% and +28% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment); this result was likely due to the larger labile organic pool of the MSW compost that was highly effective at stimulating soil microbial activity. After the first 6 years, the two other composts, GWS and BW, became more efficient (average improvements of +25%, +61% and +33% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment), which was probably linked to the greater increase in soil organic C contents. Therefore, the application of urban compost to silty soil that is susceptible to water erosion was effective at improving aggregate stability and thus could be used to enhance the resistance of soil to water erosion.     

潮汐流人工湿地低温下 NH4+ -N去除模型的比较和优化

针对目前人工湿地在低温条件下脱氮效能降低的问题,本研究对每天3个运行周期的潮汐流人工湿地在低温条件下对NH4+ -N的处理效能进行研究,同时利用表观动力学模型、多元参数回归模型及Monod机制模型对NH4+-N的去除过程进行拟合.结果显示,在平均水温为9～13℃条件下,每天3个运行周期的潮汐流人工湿地对NH4+-N有良...     

国内外土地利用区划研究的回顾与展望

土地利用区划是从区域角度观察和研究地域综合体,探讨土地利用的发展历史、现状特点、变化过程及趋势,从最大限度发挥土地生产潜力及改善土地生态系统的结构与功能出发,对土地的合理利用方向,包括确定国民经济各部门用地的合理分配、结构和布局形式等,在地域上进行分区。通过简要回顾国内外土地利用区划研究的发展历程,总结了土地利用区划研究的理论方法特点及存在的问题,并在此基础上探讨今后土地利用区划研究的重点及发展方向：从自然要素向自然与人文要素有机结合方向转变;从大空间尺度向多空间尺度方向转变;从传统的区划方法向综合集成的新技术手段转变;从静态的区划研究向多要素、多过程耦合的动态区划研究方向转变。     

分形理论在三峡水库汛期洪水分期中的应用

水库分期汛限水位控制能在不增加新的防洪风险条件下提高水库的兴利效益,汛期洪水的划分则是分期汛限水位控制的前提.介绍了分形理论及容量维数的计算方法,以三峡水库宜昌站为例,利用传统统计学法和动态分维数法,确定了洪水分期数目,并计算了各分期的容量维数,从而最终确定三峡水库的洪水分期.结果显示,用分形方法划分的三峡水库的汛期洪水和传统研究分期基本一致,但分形理论计算较为客观,进一步表明分形理论在洪水分期中是可行的,值得深入探讨和应用.