内蒙古主要作物农田优化灌溉动态预报方法

灌溉是预防或减轻旱灾的有效手段，适时适量灌溉是节约日益匮乏的有限水资源的主要途径之一。从土壤一作物一大气连续体角度出发，根据田间试验资料和气象资料，确定出春小麦、春玉米不同生长阶段土壤水分控制的下限标准，提出了两种作物根系生长动态模拟方程和蒸散系数模拟方程，在土壤水分平衡理论的基础上，建立了预报灌溉日期的方法，并以春小麦、春玉米农田为例进行了检验，结果比较理想。     

地基土特性变化对桩基抗震反应的影响

地震荷载作用下的桩基动力反应在工程设计中越来越受到重视。基于桩-土-结构整体动力有限元法,结合工程实例,建立有限元分析模型,设置粘弹性人工边界,研究水平地震荷载作用下地基土层特性变化对桩基抗震反应的影响。着重探讨了上软下硬和上硬下软两种土层分布情况下,软硬土层相对厚度及弹模比变化对桩基抗震反应的影响。结果显示:桩基和筏基交接处桩顶截面和软硬土层分界处的桩身截面均可能是内力最大截面,桩顶截面和软硬土分界处桩身截面都应是设计需考虑的控制性截面,地基土层特性变化对于桩基弯矩的影响较剪力的影响显著。     

土体液化判别方法在振动注浆机具研制中的应用

直接针对振动注浆机具振源设计的需要,根据实际地震液化资料和室内土动力液化试验资料,基于土体液化影响因素多元拟合相关性分析结果,通过概率处理的办法求解土体动力液化的概率模型判别式。回判检验证实,所求的概率模型判别式具有较高的回判成功率(78.8%),能够满足岩土地震工程对精度的一般要求。进一步分析表明,通过该概率模型判别式,可以建立振动注浆机具的振源特性与土的特性和埋深、振动持时之间关系,从而为振动注浆机具的研制提供必要的振源设计参数。     

地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型实验研究-(4)换乘通道火灾

为了研究地铁多线换乘车站换乘通道的火灾烟气扩散规律,利用1:10的地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型装置,在换乘通道内开展多种情景下的火灾实验,对顶棚温度、烟气扩散范围等进行分析,比较不同防烟分区通风联动模式的烟气控制效果.结果表明:自然通风条件下,通道内的烟气受到"L"型的建筑结构影响,在通道的转角附近区域发生蓄积,产生局部温...     

温榆河水环境质量与浮游植物群落结构的时空变化及其相互关系

温榆河是北京市重要的生态廊道.本研究基于历史文献资料和现场调查,比较分析了2006、2011和2018年温榆河水环境质量与浮游植物群落结构的时空变化,探讨了浮游植物群落变化与水温T、溶解氧DO、pH和营养盐之间的相互关系.结果表明,温榆河水环境质量总体好转,经历了重度污染→污染遏制→水质改善过程,水污染物已从NH₄⁺-N为主转向TN为主.NH₄⁺-N、TN的平均浓度和平均超标倍数从2011年的15. 52～19. 16 mg·L^-1、9. 34～8. 58倍和20. 21～19. 58 mg·L^-1、12. 47～8. 79倍降低到2018年的1. 93～2. 66 mg·L^-1、0. 29～0. 33倍和5. 66～6. 79 mg·L^-1、2. 77～2. 39倍,并且温榆河和支流清河的DO和NH₄⁺-N浓度已基本达到水功能区划目标.与水质改善过程相对应,浮游植...     

The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems

The distribution of mobile species in dynamic systems can vary greatly over time and space. Estimating their population size and geographic range can be problematic and affect the accuracy of conservation assessments. Scarce data on mobile species and the resources they need can also limit the type of analytical approaches available to derive such estimates. We quantified change in availability and use of key ecological resources required for breeding for a critically endangered nomadic habitat specialist, the Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor). We compared estimates of occupied habitat derived from dynamic presence‐background (i.e., presence‐only data) climatic models with estimates derived from dynamic occupancy models that included a direct measure of food availability. We then compared estimates that incorporate fine‐resolution spatial data on the availability of key ecological resources (i.e., functional habitats) with more common approaches that focus on broader climatic suitability or vegetation cover (due to the absence of fine‐resolution data). The occupancy models produced significantly (P < 0.001) smaller (up to an order of magnitude) and more spatially discrete estimates of the total occupied area than climate‐based models. The spatial location and extent of the total area occupied with the occupancy models was highly variable between years (131 and 1498 km²). Estimates accounting for the area of functional habitats were significantly smaller (2–58% [SD 16]) than estimates based only on the total area occupied. An increase or decrease in the area of one functional habitat (foraging or nesting) did not necessarily correspond to an increase or decrease in the other. Thus, an increase in the extent of occupied area may not equate to improved habitat quality or function. We argue these patterns are typical for mobile resource specialists but often go unnoticed because of limited data over relevant spatial and temporal scales and lack of spatial data on the availability of key resources. Understanding changes in the relative availability of functional habitats is crucial to informing conservation planning and accurately assessing extinction risk for mobile resource specialists.     

Effects of the 2008 flood on economic performance and food security in Yemen: a simulation analysis

Extreme weather events such as floods and droughts can have devastating consequences for individual well being and economic development, in particular in poor societies with limited availability of coping mechanisms. Combining a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Yemeni economy with a household‐level calorie consumption simulation model, this paper assesses the economy‐wide, agricultural and food security effects of the 2008 tropical storm and flash flood that hit the Hadramout and Al‐Mahrah governorates. The estimation results suggest that agricultural value added, farm household incomes and rural food security deteriorated long term in the flood‐affected areas. Due to economic spillover effects, significant income losses and increases in food insecurity also occurred in areas that were unaffected by flooding. This finding suggests that while most relief efforts are typically concentrated in directly affected areas, future efforts should also consider surrounding areas and indirectly affected people.     

地面空调车调控下的飞机座舱热环境试验

为使冬季机舱内的空气温度达到登机要求,一般采用飞机地面空调车对机舱空气进行加温。采用试验的方法研究MD-82飞机机舱加温过程中机舱热环境的变化,采用两种方式控制地面空调车的送风温度,研究了不同控制方式对机舱热环境的影响。结果表明:冬季加热工况下机舱壁面边界温度和机舱空气温度存在明显的温度分层现象;加热一段时间后,与控制送风温度的方式相比,采用舱温控制的方式时机舱内空气的垂直温差更小。因此,若需要实现机舱环境的快速加热,宜采用控制送风温度的方式(M1)对机舱温度进行调控;若对机舱内热舒适要求较高,则建议采用控制机舱内空气温度的方式(M2)对机舱温度进行调控。     

城市规模、集聚与空气质量

在STIRPAT模型的基础上,通过加入能源消费需求、工业化水平和产业集聚度变量,建立了拓展的STIRPAT模型,并使用动态面板GMM方法,分析了我国30个省会城市和直辖市2003-2012年间的面板数据,指出不同的城市规模与集聚程度会对空气质量有不同的影响。首先。从总体上来说,城市人口规模、富裕程度和技术水平是影响城市空气质量的主要因素,其中人口规模和技术水平对空气质量的影响均为正效应,而富裕程度对空气质量的影响呈现出倒N型EKC曲线形状;较高的能源消费需求和工业化水平会恶化空气质量,而较高的技术水平和产业集聚度会改善空气质量,这表明相关部门可以从不断提高科技水平和产业集聚度入手,通过各种方法减少能源消费需求、降低工业化水平。来达到改善空气质量的目的。其次,在总体回归的基础上,本文重点按照人口规模、经济规模和经济集聚度、人口集中度分析了城市规模与集聚对空气质量的影响情况。结果表明:欠发达城市和大中城市的回归结果与总体回归结果一致,而经济发达城市和特大城市的回归结果与总体回归结果有一定差异,本文认为导致这些差异的主要原因是科学事业费支出方向、社会消费品结构以及工业清洁能源利用及其利用效率等因素;低产业集聚度和低人口集中度城市的情形与总体较为相近,而高产业集聚度和高人口集中度城市的EKC曲线形状与工业化水平系数与总体结果相反,这两种差异分别与城市的发展阶段和城市的人口素质有关。因此,城市的相关部门在追求规模经济的同时应该注重科技投入结构的改善,注重提高能源使用效率和清洁能源的使用率,并且在不断提高产业集聚度与人口集中度的同时追求绿色GDP的实现,注重人口的文化教育以提高人口素质,从而提升公众的环保意识,以抵消随人口集中度提高带来的环境压力。     

采油队安全巡视管理系统的试验与应用

介绍了采油队安全生产巡视管理系统的组成、系统配置与工作过程，叙述了试验与应用情况，分析了其经济效益和社会效益与推广应用前景。