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141.
CFD Prediction of Air Quality in the Area between Two City Vehicular Tunnels Considering Moving Cars
Concentration fields of different pollutants that spread outside two roadtunnels predicted with a CFD code will be presented. The solution domain represents the city area located between two tunnel outlets – tunnel Strahov and tunnel Mrazovka in Prague. The vicinity of both tunnels is a heavily built up area with tall buildings forming typical street canyons. The CFD modelling predicts the situation after the tunnel Mrazovka will be finished and traffic will increase considerably between both tunnels. Namely, an interest was given to the prediction of dispersion of emissions leaving both tunnel and the area touched by the traffic. For the CFD predictions, a method previously developed for moving vehicles was used. The method uses combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches to moving objects and is capable of modeling different speeds and traffic rates of cars as well as traffic-induced turbulence. Influence of several meteorological parameters was studied, namely wind speed and direction and traffic parameters, like traffic rates and speed of cars. The method separates contributions from different sources to the total concentration field, namely from background, tunnel outlet and roadway. Results are presented in the form of horizontal and vertical concentration fields of NOx. 相似文献
142.
143.
喀斯特石山地区社会经济与生态环境可持续发展系统研究:以桂西北为例 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本建立了广西西北部喀斯特石山地区可持续发展的系统动力学模型。并用DYNAMO程序预测了未来20年桂西北地区的人口、工业、农业、第三产业,生态环境,土地资源,社会总产值,人均国民收人等的动态变化趋势,结果显示,该地区由于人口,工业资产增加使物质和能源消耗增长太快,而对污染治理的投入又太少,导致桂西北地区的生存环境质量下降,因此应当加大对污染治理的投入力度,改善区域环境质量,这是实现息烽县区域可持续发展的关键,根据区域特点探讨了桂西北喀斯特贫困山区的形成演化,提出了可持续发展的途径。 相似文献
144.
Seok-Ku Ko Darrell G. Fontane John W. Labadie 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(1):111-127
ABSTRACT: Development of optimal operational policies for large-scale reservoir systems is often complicated by a multiplicity of conflicting project uses and purposes. A wide range of multiobjective optimization methods are available for appraising tradeoffs between conificting objectives. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance as to those methods which are best suited to dealing with the challenging large-scale, nonlinear, dynamic, and stochastic characteristics of multireservoir system operations. As a case study, the selected methodologies are applied to the Han River Reservoir System in Korea for four principal project objectives: water supply and low flow augmentation; annual hydropower production, reliable energy generation, and minimization of risk of violating firm water supply requirements. Additional objectives such as flood control are also considered, but are imposed as fixed constraints. 相似文献
145.
Patrick A. Mower J. Philip J. O'Kane Jerry D.F. Sherrif Tim Wyatt J. David Barrett 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(4):831-843
ABSTRACT .Operating rule procedures are developed for the optimal use of desalination in conjunction with surface water impoundments. Results obtained from the use of hill-climbing and dynamic programming methods are compared. Benefits to be obtained from the integrated use of desalination are demonstrated through a case study for the Barcelona area of Spain. 相似文献
146.
The impact of global warming on winter tourism and skiing: a regionalised model for Austrian snow conditions 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Possible climate change will modify snow-cover depth and change the characteristics of winter tourism and skiing districts.
Our model describes seasonal snow-cover depth related to altitude in six Alpine climate regions as the best fit of all snow
stations. Data cover 30 winter seasons (November to April values) from 1965 to 1995. We modified the data according to a scenario
of temperature and precipitation change (2 °C warming, no precipitation change) and achieve a new simulated snow-cover depth.
The indicators MARP (mean altitude of resident population) and MASPSL (mean altitude of starting point of ski lifts) serve
as references for “critical altitudes” of Austrian districts. A warming implies a reduction of snow in all districts, but
the loss is overproportional in lower altitudes. The direction of economic impacts is clear – income losses and adaptation
costs – but magnitude and time frames remain uncertain.
Received: 24 February 1999 · Accepted: 15 May 1999 相似文献
147.
基于遥感与GIS的土地利用动态变化研究 总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31
土地是人类社会经济活动的载体;土地利用是指人类对作为生产生活资料的土地的利用方式和强度;而土地利用动态变化则反映了土地利用方式的发展变化趋势。土地利用动态变化在数量,方式,强度,结构和趋势等方面存在很大的差异。全面,客观地反映土地利用动态变化有利于正确认识当前土地利用中合理和不合理的利用方式,为制定长期,可持续发展的土地管理和土地规划提供依据。遥感技术提供巨大而丰富的信息源,GIS技术具有强大的数据处理,空间分析等功能,二者的结合有着传统方式无法比拟的优越性,具有周期短,效率高,费用低等特点,在土地利用变化监测中发挥着巨大的作用。制定详细的技术手段,对重庆市15年间的土地利用及其动态变化在时间序列和空间序列上加以分析,阐明这种变化的外在表象,即耕地,林地的减少和城镇用地的增加;同时分析这种变化的内在驱动力主要为自然环境(坡度,高程,土壤等)和人文要素(经济条件与人口压力等)。为国土资源的有效可持续利用提供决策依据。 相似文献
148.
Milford C. Theobald M. R. Nemitz E. Sutton M. A. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2001,1(5-6):167-176
Continuous micrometorological measurements of ammonia (NH3)exchange were made for a period of 19 months (May 1998–November 1999) over intensively managed grassland in southern Scotland. This study focused on the influence of management activities, such as cutting and fertilising, on vegetation-atmosphere exchange of NH3. Measurements were conducted within the European project GRAMINAE (GRassland AMmonia INteractions Across Europe) within which the Scottish site forms one of 6 sites in an E–W transect across Europe. NH3 emissions were enhanced (up to 300 ng m-2 s-1) after cutting followed by larger emissions after fertilising (up to 1400 ng m-2 s-1). Annual budget calculations show the intensive grassland acted as a net source (1.8 kg N ha-1 yr1) although fluxes were bi-directional with deposition dominating in the winter and emission in the summer. Initial modelling of the NH3 exchange using a `canopy compensation point' model has been conducted for key periods. The dynamics of the fluxes during these key periods, such as before and after cutting and fertilising, may be reproduced by introducing different values of the apoplastic ratio, = [NH4
+]/[H+]. 相似文献
149.
贵港市土地利用动态变化分析及用地预测 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以城市为中心的区域土地是土地资源中资产效益最高的一部分,是人类利用土地影响最为深刻的土地类型。在分析土地利用现状变更调查数据的基础上,应用各类土地利用动态变化模型对贵港市的土地利用动态变化进行分析,并运用灰色系统预测模型对该区域各地类的土地利用时空演变进行了预测,最后提出相应的优化土地利用结构的建议。 相似文献
150.