Incidents in manual handling activities

More than 20000 handling manoeuvres in loading or unloading trailers in a large transportation company were observed. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and nature of the incidents occurring whilst handling. The incidents were recorded and interpreted from a double perspective, namely as risk factors and as activity regulation factors. The study showed that on average, one incident occurred in every seven handling manoeuvres: 71% of them were related to the environment, and 29% to the activity. While numerous, the environment-related incidents were generally without consequences. In this respect, the activity incidents appeared more risky; also, the majority of these incidents occurred during the load positioning phase. The study also showed that loads are re-handled twice as often in unloading as in loading, the frequency of re-handlings varying widely from one handler to another. The reasons why so few of the observed incidents are reported in accident studies and their significance in the understanding of handling problems are discussed.     

INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN OPTIMIZATION: MODELING ECONOMIC AND HYDROLOGIC INTERDEPENDENCE1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents an integrated optimal control model that optimizes economic performance of reservoir management in watersheds in which there are significant economic and hydrologic interdependencies. The model is solved using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). Results show that application of this model to New Mexico's Rio Chama basin can increase total system benefits over historical benefits by exploiting complementarities between hydroelectricity production, instream recreation, and downstream lake recreation.     

土-地下结构的非线性动力相互作用——理论及应用

基于土-结构动力相互作用理论，阐述了土-地下结构非线性动力相互作用的基本原理及其建模方法。根据这一方法，对1995年日本阪神地震中震害最为严重的大开地铁车站进行了成灾机理有限元数值模拟分析。分析结果表明：在地震动作用下，车站结构顶板与侧墙的交叉部位，和中柱的顶底端首先发生弯曲破坏而形成塑性铰，使得顶板上覆土的大部分重量传递到由中柱来承担；在由顶板破坏后传来的上覆土重力和地震动在中柱中引起的压应力的共同作用下，中柱发生压曲和弯曲的双重破坏，导致中柱倒塌，进而导致车站顶板塌陷；同时还表明，水平向地震作用仍是造成大开地铁站结构破坏的主要因素。     

TRANSIENT RESPONSE FUNCTIONS FOR CONJUNCTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE SNAKE RIVER PLAIN,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Increasing demands on western water are causing a mounting need for the conjunctive management of surface water and ground water resources. Under western water law, the senior water rights holder has priority over the junior water rights holder in times of water shortage. Water managers have been reluctant to conjunctively manage surface water and ground water resources because of the difficulty of quantification of the impacts to surface water resources from ground water stresses. Impacts from ground water use can take years to propagate through an aquifer system. Prediction of the degree of impact to surface water resources over time and the spatial distribution of impacts is very difficult. Response functions mathematically describe the relationship between a unit ground water stress applied at a specific location and stream depletion or aquifer water level change elsewhere in the system. Response functions can be used to help quantify the spatial and temporal impacts to surface water resources caused by ground water pumping. This paper describes the theory of response functions and presents an application of transient response functions in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. Transient response functions can be used to facilitate the conjunctive management of surface and ground water not only in the eastern Snake River Plain basin, but also in similar basins throughout the western United States.     

对地铁工程风险评估体系框架的研究

地铁工程同一般建设项目相比,受不可预见的水文地质条件、社会环境、施工技术的可靠度、经济发展的程度等多方面因素的影响较重;就必然使地铁工程成为高风险的工程建设项目,然而目前对其风险评估工作还停留在简单的定性和定量的评估水平上。为此,笔者在研究系统论的基础上,从动态系统风险评估的观点出发,运用动态控制的原理,着重研究适合于地铁工程风险评估体系的理论框架,及建立理论框架时应考虑的诸多问题;同时对动态系统风险评估、评价因素可靠性分析技术、各种风险评估方法及评估技术的运用做了简要论述。该框架体系不仅适用于地铁工程的风险评估,同样适用于其他复杂的工程系统的风险评估评价。     

可移动危险源动态安全监控的探索与展望

简述近年来可移动危险源的严重事故及惨痛教训,究其重要原因之一就是缺乏对可移动危险源的动态安全监控,指出开展可移动危险源动态安全监控的迫切性;从而对建立可移动危险源动态安全监控体系的指导思想与功能设计进行了比较深入的探索,利用全球移动通信系统(GSM),全球定位系统(GPS),地理信息系统(GIS)和计算机网络技术相结合,对可移动危险源实施动态安全监控,以实现对其严重事故的有效控制,并对完善可移动危险源动态安全监控体系作了进一步的展望。     

矿井电网动态安全分析系统的研究

随着国民经济的迅速发展,各行各业对煤矿资源的需求越来越大,然而矿难事故的频繁发生,煤矿安全已成为迫切需要解决的首要问题。笔者针对目前的矿井供电系统存在的不足而导致的安全隐患问题,进行了深入的理论研究和技术分析。根据煤矿供电系统的实际情况,对其供电系统的动态安全分析问题进行了较全面的探讨和论述;介绍了矿井电网动态安全分析系统的功能要求、主要组成部分和结构;对各部分的实现和需要注意的问题进行了分析;给出了矿井电网动态安全分析系统的框图及系统最终要反映的信息要求。     

炼油污水的深度处理

对炼油污水深度处理常用技术——过滤、膜分离、化学氧化技术进行了详细的论述，并结合中试试验，对动态砂滤系统、PAN膜处理系统和高级氧化系统处理炼油厂二级排放水的适用性进行了论证。     

客户关系生命周期管理及其策略

客户关系生命周期理论的提出对服务经济时代的企业产生了巨大的影响,该理论在强调了客户关系存在周期性的同时,也提出了对客户关系应当进行阶段性管理;阐述了客户关系生命周期理论,并在此基础上提出了客户关系动态发展模型,旨在帮助管理人员更清楚地认识到客户关系的长期价值和对客户关系的各个阶段进行良好的管理.     

ARE RURAL RESIDENTS WILLING TO PAY ENOUGH TO IMPROVE DRINKING WATER QUALITY?1

ABSTRACT: The concentrations of iron and sulfate in community water supplies are a concern for a number of areas in southwestern Minnesota. This study used the contingent valuation method to determine how much consumers would be willing to pay to improve their drinking water quality. On average, individuals were willing to pay US$5.25 per month (in 1995 U.S. dollars) to reduce the level of iron and US$4.33 per month to reduce the level of sulfate in their water to the USEPA's secondary standards for drinking water quality. Respondents with negative perceptions of their drinking water quality were willing to pay more to improve water quality. The aggregate annual willingness to pay (WTP) for all consumers in community water systems in southwestern Minnesota that were out of compliance with water quality standards were estimated to be US$2.4 million and US$2.0 million (in 1995 dollars) for reducing the levels of iron and sulfate, respectively. Yet the total WTP of consumers who use small community water systems may not be enough to pay the full cost of providing improved water in those systems. Economies of scale in water treatment and difficulties in financing improvements mean that technical innovation, government assistance, or institutional changes may be needed to improve water quality in these areas.