3m直径煤油池火灾火焰特性的数值研究

为了预测油池火灾的火焰特性,采用CFD模拟技术开展静风状态下3 m直径煤油液池的火灾场景模拟,探讨火焰温度、火焰羽流速度、辐射热通量、燃烧产物质量分数等油池火焰特性参数随高度的变化关系;并结合火焰形态分布,提出一种4区域模型,即将湍流扩散火焰划分为油气混合燃烧区、燃烧火焰区、烟尘区和热烟气区来分析燃烧气流在不同高度的实际物理化学特性。此外,通过经验公式和CFD模拟2种方法分别计算出3 m直径煤油池火灾的火焰高度、火焰表面的辐射通量及热辐射破坏半径,并对计算结果进行比较分析,结果表明:2种方法可互相补充完善,有助于池火灾的热辐射危害性评估。     

煤矿安全管理的系统动力学仿真分析

从安全投入和安全产出的角度分析煤矿安全管理系统各要素之间错综复杂和相互依存的关系;运用系统动力学的相关理论和方法研究煤矿安全管理与控制问题;利用VENSIM建模软件做出各要素之间的因果关系图,建立煤矿安全管理的系统动力学流图模型。采用宁煤集团灵新煤矿的实际安全生产数据进行模拟分析,确立最优安全管理与控制方案,提升煤矿安全生产水平。     

混合液体火灾爆炸危险性——闪点预测与实验研究

支持向量机应用核函数技术,已经成为当前国际上一个研究的热点,由于支持向量机具有良好的理论基础和泛化性能,可将其引入到混合液体闪点预测的研究之中,以期建立准确、高效的预测模型。本文建立了一个基于支持向量机的理论模型,用于预测二元互溶混合液体的闪点。根据所研究混合液体的物理性质,选择了纯物质的粘度、表面张力、配比、燃烧下限等物理参数来表征闪点,以这些参数作为输入参数,二元混合液体的闪点作为输出值,应用支持向量机方法对两者之间的内在定量关系进行模拟。结果表明,闪点预测值与实验值符合良好。本方法的提出为工程上提出了一种预测二元互溶液体闪点的有效方法,可应用于评估混合溶液的火灾爆炸危害性及本质较安全设计。     

再生水水质稳定性评价指标与体系

污水再生利用是缓解水资源短缺的有效手段,水质稳定性是再生水等水资源安全利用的前提,稳定的水质能有效防止腐蚀和结垢的频繁发生,不仅有利于改善水质的感官性状,还能减少二次污染和能源消耗,为推进污水资源化利用,对再生水的水质稳定性进行评价和管理尤为重要.在文献资料调研的基础上,分别总结了化学稳定性和生物稳定性评价指标的特点及...     

爆破地震波作用下尾矿坝的有限元动力分析

为了了解某钼矿进行爆破采矿是否会对近距离的尾矿坝产生破坏作用,结合实际勘探资料,在二维静力非线性有限元分析的基础上,进行爆破地震波作用下坝体的动力反应分析,综合研究了动位移、动应力和加速度时程等关键物理量变化的规律性,并在此基础上进一步结合试验资料对坝体进行了液化判断及稳定性分析。分析结果表明,该钼矿在规定的爆心距、药量范围内进行爆破采矿时,相邻的尾矿坝是安全稳定的。本文的研究结果对爆破设计、现场采矿及尾矿坝体运行维护均具有一定的指导意义。     

Effects of site-selection bias on estimates of biodiversity change

Estimates of biodiversity change are essential for the management and conservation of ecosystems. Accurate estimates rely on selecting representative sites, but monitoring often focuses on sites of special interest. How such site-selection biases influence estimates of biodiversity change is largely unknown. Site-selection bias potentially occurs across four major sources of biodiversity data, decreasing in likelihood from citizen science, museums, national park monitoring, and academic research. We defined site-selection bias as a preference for sites that are either densely populated (i.e., abundance bias) or species rich (i.e., richness bias). We simulated biodiversity change in a virtual landscape and tracked the observed biodiversity at a sampled site. The site was selected either randomly or with a site-selection bias. We used a simple spatially resolved, individual-based model to predict the movement or dispersal of individuals in and out of the chosen sampling site. Site-selection bias exaggerated estimates of biodiversity loss in sites selected with a bias by on average 300–400% compared with randomly selected sites. Based on our simulations, site-selection bias resulted in positive trends being estimated as negative trends: richness increase was estimated as 0.1 in randomly selected sites, whereas sites selected with a bias showed a richness change of −0.1 to −0.2 on average. Thus, site-selection bias may falsely indicate decreases in biodiversity. We varied sampling design and characteristics of the species and found that site-selection biases were strongest in short time series, for small grains, organisms with low dispersal ability, large regional species pools, and strong spatial aggregation. Based on these findings, to minimize site-selection bias, we recommend use of systematic site-selection schemes; maximizing sampling area; calculating biodiversity measures cumulatively across plots; and use of biodiversity measures that are less sensitive to rare species, such as the effective number of species. Awareness of the potential impact of site-selection bias is needed for biodiversity monitoring, the design of new studies on biodiversity change, and the interpretation of existing data.     

套管损伤磁记忆检测信号定量研究

在油气生产过程中,井下套管损伤会造成井况恶化,致使正常井转变为套损井。为了防止套损井的出现和安全事故的发生,有必要对套管进行早期损伤检测。采用金属磁记忆检测技术,开展了实验研究。实验中,通过对套管内壁环切,将套管壁厚设计为等值递增和不等值递增两种形式;根据实验数据,对磁记忆检测信号梯度值、信号梯度波峰值及信号梯度峰宽值等特征参量与壁厚、壁厚变化量的定量关系进行拟合。结果表明:磁记忆检测信号梯度值、信号梯度波峰值及信号梯度峰宽值等特征参量,可以很好的表征套管壁厚的变化情况;信号梯度值与套管壁厚呈线性递增关系;信号梯度波峰值和信号梯度峰宽值均与套管壁厚变化量呈线性递增关系。该试验结果有助于完善磁记忆检测技术的定量化研究和利用磁记忆原理检测套管损伤的评价体系。     

北京一次严重雾霾过程气溶胶光学特性与气象条件

对北京地区2013年10月2~7日一次严重雾霾过程中的气溶胶光学特性开展研究,分析了气象条件对雾霾过程的影响,并结合HYSPLIT模型分析污染物的来源.结果表明,在污染天气中气溶胶光学厚度、?ngström波长指数、细模态体积尺度谱峰值浓度远高于清洁天.10月5日雾霾最为严重,440nm波长处气溶胶光学厚度高达3.89.在雾霾发生前后,单次散射反照率日均值随波长增大而增大,而在10月5日,单次散射反照率值随波长增加先增大后减小,在675nm波长处达到最大值0.965.雾霾过程中大气气溶胶以强散射型细粒子为主,人为因素贡献较大,且受气象条件影响明显.     

流域污染负荷水质响应的时空数值源解析方法研究

以目前广泛应用的环境流体动力学模型EFDC为平台,构建时空数值源解析方法,理论上可以得到任意时刻任意空间点位污染物的来源构成.其原理是考虑水质模型的微分方程,直接对每个污染负荷再微分,从而将原来1个微分方程变为关于每个污染源的微分方程组,然后联立以EFDC的水动力模型求解,得到每个源对每个时空点的贡献.概化的抚仙湖模型作为数值案例用以验证方法.时空数值源解析的结果与传统扰动方法的结果几乎重合,验证了时空数值源解析方法的正确性.另一方面,数值案例中存在34个独立的污染源,扰动法则需要35次模拟,而时空数值源解析方法的结果通过单次模拟就可得到,说明时空数值源解析方法具有明显的计算效率优势.而通过对结果的进一步分析可以发现,时空数值源解析方法可以提供更精确的源贡献的动态描述.     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.