武汉市3种类型湖泊浮游植物群落特点及关键影响因子

为揭示不同类型湖泊浮游植物群落特点及关键影响因子,于2018年春季、夏季、秋季和冬季对武汉市城市(UL)、郊野型(CL)和生态保育区(EL)这3种类型共24个湖泊174个采样点进行了浮游植物和水质参数采样调查.结果表明,3种类型湖泊共鉴定出浮游植物9门159属365种,绿藻门、蓝藻门和硅藻门的种类最多,分别占总物种数的55.34%、 15.89%和15.07%.浮游植物细胞密度变化范围为3.60×10⁶～421.99×10⁶ cell·L^-1,叶绿素a (Chla)变化范围为15.60～240.50μg·L^-1,生物量变化范围为27.71～379.79 mg·L^-1,香浓-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数变化范围为0.29～2.86.在3种类型湖泊中,EL和UL的细胞密度、 Chla和生物量均低于CL,而Shannon-Wiener多样性指数则相反.非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果表明,3种类型湖泊浮游植物群落结构存在差异(Stres...     

反应堆压力容器材料中Ni界面偏析对富Cu溶质团簇演化影响的模拟研究

目的定量研究镍原子的界面偏析对降低团簇与基体间表面能及促进团簇形核、提升团簇数密度的贡献,以深化对反应堆压力容器溶质团簇演化过程和辐照脆化中溶质团簇机理的认识。方法通过考虑Fe-Cu-Ni三元合金溶质团簇中镍原子的界面偏析,利用团簇动力学方法研究了团簇中镍原子分布对富铜溶质团簇演化的影响。结果相比铜团簇,加入镍原子后的铜镍团簇自由能显著降低,团簇数密度显著提高;随团簇中镍原子界面偏析加剧,团簇自由能与团簇尺寸逐渐下降,团簇数密度先小幅上升,后下降。结论镍可以促进富铜溶质团簇的形核,提升团簇的数密度,而其中镍原子的界面偏析对促进团簇形核的贡献可能有限;在团簇生长过程中,镍原子的界面偏析可能会抑制其生长,减小团簇的尺寸。     

石家庄市水环境承载力的系统动力学研究

基于石家庄市水环境现状,建立了石家庄市水环境承载力系统动力学模型,并针对问题提出了石家庄市水环境持续发展方案。分析比较各个方案的得出一个经济和环境协调发展的综合方案,从而为石家庄市水环境的可持续发展提供了科学的决策依据。     

环境磁学在重金属污染研究中的应用

20世纪60年代以来,环境磁学以快速、灵敏、经济、无破坏性和信息量大等特点被广泛应用到环境污染研究中。笔者介绍了环境磁学应用于重金属污染监测的基本原理和优势,系统综述了其在大气,水体(湖泊、河流和海岸等)和土壤等环境重金属污染监测中的主要成果和最新进展,包括磁学参数可作为重金属污染物质代用指标,以及环境磁学在重金属污染分布特点和污染程度鉴定、重金属污染历史重建、重金属污染物运移追踪等方面的应用。提出了重金属污染磁性诊断研究还需要解决的问题,包括磁学参数多解性,其他环境过程(动力分选、吸附解吸和早期成岩等)的干扰和影响,磁性矿物与重金属物质赋存关系及多学科交叉研究等。     

北京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征

对北京市2003-09～2004-07的10个月空气中的TSP样品进行了连续采样,周期为1次/周.分析了15种3～7环的PAHs,其中以4～5环为主.∑PAHs浓度及BaP的最大值分别达到705 ng/m³和52 ng/m³;春夏秋冬4季∑PAHs的平均浓度分别为46 ng/m³,16 ng/m³,52 ng/m³,268 ng/m³;BaP的4季平均浓度分别为2.8ng/m³,0.23 ng/m³,3.3 ng/m³,16ng/m³;采暖期∑PAHs平均浓度为非采暖期的9.5倍.在所分析的3种气象条件中,降水能够明显降低PAHs的浓度;非采暖期的PAHs浓度随温度的升高而降低,采暖期的浓度与温度没有明显的相关性;采暖期风速水平的增加会导致PAHs浓度的下降,而非采暖期不同环数的PAHs和风速水平的关系各异,3环的PAHs浓度随风速水平增加而增加,4、5环的PAHs浓度变化不大,6、7环PAHs随风速水平的增加而浓度下降.     

Dynamic modeling of chemical fate and transport in multimedia environments at watershed scale-I: theoretical considerations and model implementation

A geo-referenced environmental fate model was developed for analyzing unsteady-state dispersion and distribution of chemicals in multimedia environmental systems. Chemical transport processes were formulated in seven environmental compartments of air, canopy, surface soil, root-zone soil, vadose-zone soil, surface water, and sediment. The model assumed that the compartments were completely mixed and chemical equilibrium was established instantaneously between the sub-compartments within each compartment. A fugacity approach was utilized to formulate the mechanisms of diffusion, advection, physical interfacial transport, and transformation reactions. The governing equations of chemical mass balances in the environmental compartments were solved simultaneously to reflect the interactions between the compartments. A geographic information system (GIS) database and geospatial analysis were integrated into the chemical transport simulation to provide spatially explicit estimations of model parameters at watershed scale. Temporal variations of the environmental properties and source emissions were also considered in the parameter estimations. The outputs of the model included time-dependent chemical concentrations in each compartment and its sub-compartments, and inter-media mass fluxes between adjacent compartments at daily time steps.     

The implications of ecosystem dynamics for fisheries management: a case study of selected fisheries in the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad

It is accepted that if fisheries resources are to remain renewable and able to sustain livelihoods, appropriate management practices must be implemented. Even while fisheries management grapples to resolve single-species issues, the biological and economic interactions among species mandate that to be effective, management techniques must be based on more interactive and aggregate-level analyses. In order to implement these techniques, the actual links, and the potential impact of these links, among the fisheries must be established. Vector autoregression (VAR) analysis has the potential to play an increasingly important role in ecosystem modelling for fisheries management. This study uses VAR analysis to demonstrate the quantitative impact of certain ecosystem changes on the productivity of the carite, honey shrimp and croaker fisheries of the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, in the particular context of the ecosystem dynamics of trophic linkages, bycatch and multispecies fisheries. Four VAR models are constructed to investigate the extent to which these factors affect the production of the selected fisheries, and to evaluate the management implications of these linkages. The empirical analysis is further evidence that, if sustainable management of fishery resources is to be achieved, management practices based on more multi-species, ecosystem approaches must replace the traditional, single-species management techniques.     

高温高湿高盐环境雷达典型部件腐蚀分析

目的研究雷达典型部件长期工作在高温、高湿、高盐雾等环境下腐蚀情况的影响机理。方法提出在该环境下对雷达典型部件多场耦合的仿真计算方法,以计算流体动力学(CFD)软件FLUENT为平台,建立雷达典型部件的有限元模型,对雷达典型部件进行仿真模拟分析。结果得到了雷达典型部件的温度、湿度和盐度分布云图和综合环境腐蚀云图,从腐蚀云图可以看出,部件表面腐蚀程度在0.6 mm以上,腐蚀程度比较严重,仿真结果与实际检测结果较为吻合。从分布云图可知,单一的温度或盐度因素对部件表面的腐蚀情况影响较小,湿度对其影响较为显著。结论验证了仿真计算方法的合理性和正确性,为雷达典型部件的动力学仿真,为其腐蚀现象的进一步研究及预防提供了理论指导。     

国家资源安全及其系统分析

资源安全是一个国家或地区可以持续、稳定、及时、足量和经济地获取所需自然资源的状态或能力。影响资源安全的因素主要包括结构、质量、数量、空间、价格、技术、制度等。分析了国家资源安全的主体目标导向性、实现过程可调控性、发展演化的长期性、空间层次差异性和系统内外互动性等特性。构建了包括社会、经济、资源、生态环境、政策法律等子系统在内的国家资源安全的系统分析框架。运用PSR模型，进行了国家资源安全系统动力学分析。     

Integrated biomonitoring assessment of the Lesina Lagoon (Southern Adriatic Coast, Italy): preliminary results

An integrated biomonitoring program for marine and coastal ecosystems quality assessment combines the chemical characterization of a site with the evaluation of the possible structure alterations of its living communities. This can be considered an useful tool for better identifying the summarized effects of all the components interacting with the biota. Such an integrated procedure was carried out for the assessment of the quality of the Lesina Lagoon (Southern Adriatic Coast, Italy). The water parameters levels showed a high primary production (2-6 μg l^-1); the sediment and pore water toxicity bioassays recorded a low or moderate diffused toxicity. Besides, the benthic meiofauna community structure was characterized by prevalent Nematoda taxa with a homogeneous spatial distribution. On these basis, the Lesina Lagoon seems to be characterized by a prevalent organic pollution mainly related to agricultural and zootechnical activities which, due to the lagoon's conformation, presents a homogeneous spatial distribution.