Long-term population dynamics of ixodid ticks and development of tick-borne encephalitis foci under conditions of the middle taiga subzone

Long-term (1995–2003) population dynamics of ixodid ticks and their main hosts (small mammals) and conditions providing for the formation of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) foci were studies in the middle taiga subzone (Karelia). The results show that the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus Schr.) is the main host for the larvae and nymphs of Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930 and for the larvae, nymphs, and adult individuals of I. trianguliceps Birula, 1895. The proportion of ticks feeding on this species (relative to their total number) reaches 63.3% (64.0% of I. persulcatus and 61.1% of I. trianguliceps). Activity of a TBE focus is determined primarily by the abundance of bank voles of older age groups.     

Review of Recent Ecotoxicological Studies on Cladocerans

Cladocerans have been widely used as the bioassay organisms in evaluating the impact of different toxic substances. Literature survey during the last 10 years revealed that cladoceran ecotoxicological research has been in an exponential phase constituting nearly 10% of publications on this group. Many studies have considered typically planktonic taxa such as Daphnia magna, D. pulex, Moina macrocopa, M. micrura and Ceriodaphania dubia. Experimental data on toxicity tests, to a lesser extent, are also available for littoral-benthic genera such as Simocephalus, Macrothrix and Alona. Most toxicity tests are limited to the derivation of median lethal concentrations of various durations but mostly at 24 or 48 h. Studies related to the evaluation of changes in the life history variables of cladocerans as a result of sublethal exposure to toxic substances are not many, but gaining importance. The common toxic substances used in the cladoceran toxicity tests appear to be heavy metals, pesticides and a few natural toxins such as cyanotoxins. We review here the effect of different toxic substances on cladocerans based on both the field and the laboratory studies from an ecotoxicology point of view. Suggestions for the future cladoceran ecotoxicology are also commented on.     

三峡工程对长江中游地下水动态和土壤潜育的影响

通过对长江中游四湖地区地下水动态观测数据分析得出，长江对沿岸平原地下水影响程度随距离增大而逐渐减弱。用遥感技术和实地调查，确定了潜育化、沼泽化土壤在四湖和沿庭湖地区分布以及潜在威胁面积。并依此分析了三峡工程对土壤潜育化沼泽化的影响。在大量调查和田间试验的基础上，提出了适用于当地的潜育化沼泽化土壤改良利用途径。     

Integrating the Metapopulation and Habitat Paradigms for Understanding Broad-Scale Declines of Species

Abstract:  Caughley (1994) argued that researchers working on threatened populations tended to follow the "small population paradigm" or the "declining population paradigm," and that greater integration of these paradigms was needed. Here I suggest that two related paradigms exist at the broader spatial scale, namely the metapopulation paradigm and habitat paradigm, and that these two paradigms also need to be integrated if we are to provide sound management advice. This integration is not trivial, and I outline five problems that need to be addressed: (1) habitat variables may not measure habitat quality, so site-specific data on vital rates are needed to resolve the effects of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics; (2) measurements of vital rates may be confounded by movements; (3) vital rates may be density dependent; (4) vital rates may be affected by genotype; and (5) vital rates cannot be measured in unoccupied patches. I reviewed papers published in Conservation Biology from 1994 to 2003 and found 41 studies that analyzed data from 10 or more sites to understand the factors limiting species' distributions. Five of the analyses presented were purely within the metapopulation paradigm, 14 were purely within the habitat paradigm, 17 involved elements of both paradigms, and 7 were theoretically ambiguous (2 papers presented 2 distinct analyses and were counted twice). This suggests that many researchers appreciate the need to integrate the paradigms. Only one study, however, used data on vital rates to resolve the effects of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics (problem 1), and this study did not address problems 2–5. I conclude that more intensive research incorporating site-specific data on vital rates and movement is needed to complement the numerous analyses of distributional data being produced.     

基于流态化作用的吸附反应动力学和穿透特征

基于流态化作用的吸附反应动力学和穿透特征研究还鲜见报道.以苯酚为吸附质、活性炭为吸附剂,探讨了不同流态化紊流强度对基于流态化作用的吸附效率、吸附动力学特性、吸附反应穿透曲线和饱和吸附量的影响,并与相同条件的固定床吸附反应器进行了对比研究.结果表明,表观流速为8 mm·s-1和13 mm·s-1时,基于流态化和固定态的活性炭在5 min内的吸附效率均达到93%以上,吸附反应均符合经典二级动力学方程,且其相关系数大于0.999.穿透实验结果表明,表观流速为6 mm·s-1和8 mm·s-1时,基于流态化的活性炭对苯酚的吸附总量分别较固定态高8.77 mg·g-1和24.70 mg·g-1.可见,基于流态化吸附反应器与基于固定态吸附反应器相比,具有吸附反应效率高,吸附总量大的特征.     

底隙十字挡板对四边形流化床流体力学性能优化数值模拟

通过置入内构件实现流化床底隙区多相流矢量由混沌到归一的转化可获得床体内流体流化性能的改善.基于此,以底隙区置入十字挡板的四边形流化床为研究对象,使用Fluent软件进行三维可视化模拟,利用Eulerian-Eulerian双流体模型模拟其在厌氧、水解及好氧条件下优化反应器流体力学性能的能力,考察置入挡板前后流化床内流场、液相运动速率、气体相含率及湍流耗散率的反馈变化,分析其对流体运动的影响,并提出工程优化设计的方向.结果表明:底隙区置入十字挡板后,四边形流化床内液体循环速度最大提升15.7%,在上升区截面上的分布更加均匀,液速峰值下降,有利于维持活性污泥的团聚作用,对提高流化床污泥负荷有利;整体气含率下降3.5%~6.9%,应用时可加入漏斗型内构件予以改进;在水解与好氧生物的模拟过程中,底隙区十字挡板的置入更能优化水力条件,湍流动能耗散率最大降低31.9%,对降低系统能耗提供了有利证据.研究证明,反应器内构件的设置通过流体力学性能的数值模拟可以成为一种优化开发的捷径技术.     

Effects of particle composition and environmental parameters on catalytic hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene by nanoscale bimetallic Ni-Fe

Catalytic nickel was successfully incorporated into nanoscale iron to enhance its dechlorination efficiency for trichloroethylene （TCE）, one of the most commonly detected chlorinated organic compounds in groundwater. Ethane was the predominant product. The greatest dechlorination efficiency was achieved at 22 molar percent of nickel. This nanoscale Ni-Fe is poorly ordered and inhomogeneous; iron dissolution occurred whereas nickel was relatively stable during the 24-hr reaction. The morphological characterization provided significant new insights on the mechanism of catalytic hydrodcchlorination by bimetallic nanoparticles. TCE degradation and ethane production rates were greatly affected by environmental parameters such as solution pH, temperature and common groundwater ions. Both rate constants decreased and then increased over the pH range of 6.5 to 8.0, with the minimum value occurring at pH 7.5. TCE degradation rate constant showed an increasing trend over the temperature range of 10 to 25℃. However, ethane production rate constant increased and then decreased over the range, with the maximum value occurring at 20℃, Most salts in the solution appeared to enhance the reaction in the first half hour but overall they displayed an inhibitory effect. Combined ions showed a similar effect as individual salts.     

华能杨柳青电厂2＆#215;300MW机组湿烟囱烟囱雨治理研究

“烟囱雨”现象日益成为火力发电厂湿烟囱运行过程中的重要隐患,对其进行有效的治理具有重要的环境和社会意义.针对“烟囱雨”产生的根本原因,根据华能杨柳青电厂四期2＆#215;300MW机组湿烟囱的实际情况,将物理模拟研究与CFD气流组织模拟相结合,给出了一种湿烟囱“烟囱雨”治理方案：“DFG-LCS液体收集系统”.系统投入使用后,经现场实地检验发现,原先电厂存在较严重的“烟囱雨”现象已得到明显控制,且后期设备维护简单,是一种高效可行的烟囱雨治理技术.     

参数对2A12铝合金微动疲劳局部塑性影响分析

目的研究局部塑性对微动疲劳的影响。方法建立2A12铝合金圆柱/平面微动疲劳有限元模型,考虑塑性作用进行有限元分析,研究微动疲劳参数对局部塑性的影响。结果局部塑性变形发生在试件表面或次表面,最大等效塑性变形随着微动垫半径的减小而增大。随着轴向应力的增加,最大切向应力增加;随着摩擦系数的增加,剪应力的最大值急剧增加,粘着区增加,滑移区减小,但摩擦系数对整个接触区的大小没有影响。结论微动疲劳参数对局部塑性有一定的影响。     

京津冀冬季大气混合层高度与大气污染的关系

大气混合层高度(MLH)是影响大气扩散的主要因子之一,其对大气质量评估和污染物的存储量及分布起着重要作用.本实验利用云高仪对2014年污染严重的2月京津冀区域4个站点(北京、天津、石家庄和秦皇岛)MLH进行了同步连续观测,分析了其各自及其区域总体变化特性.结果表明,秦皇岛MLH月均值最高,达到865 m±268 m;石家庄最低,为568 m±207 m;北京和天津介于这两城市之间,分别为818 m±319 m和834 m±334 m;结合气象数据分析发现,辐射和风速是影响混合层高度的主要因素;对4个站点颗粒物浓度与混合层高度的关系研究表明,混合层低于800 m,4个站点细颗粒物浓度均会超过国家二级标准(GB 3095-2012,75μg·m-3),观测期间北京、天津、石家庄和秦皇岛这4个站点混合层高度低于800 m天数所占比例分别为50%、43%、80%和36%.石家庄虽然近地层污染物浓度较高,但是大气混合层以内污染物负荷并不高,不利的大气垂直扩散条件是石家庄近地面长时间高浓度污染的主要原因.研究结果对于认知京津冀区域污染分布现状具有重要意义,并可为区域内污染源合理分布提供科学参考.