舰船摇摆对导弹发射出筒姿态的影响

目的确保发射安全性和为外弹道稳健性设计提供准确的初始出筒姿态参数。方法用发射动力学建模与仿真技术来研究舰船摇摆对导弹发射出筒姿态的影响。基于同心筒发射系统的拓扑结构,建立其刚柔耦合多体动力学虚拟样机模型。采用Craig-Bampton模态综合方法构建发射筒和导弹的柔性体模型,采用非线性弹簧阻尼模拟导弹与发射筒之间的接触碰撞,基于发动机试车试验数据,采用AKIMA插值方法构建发动机推力模型,根据舰船运动参数,采用正弦函数模拟舰船的横摇、纵摇和垂荡运动。结果基于建好的模型研究了多种舰船摇摆工况对同心筒发射导弹出筒姿态的影响,获得了相关难于测量的关键设计参数数值。结论合理的滑块间距和海浪等级可确保同心筒发射系统的发射安全。研究结果对同心筒发射系统设计具有重要的工程价值。     

UV/Oxone降解水中扑热息痛的效能及影响模型

采用UV、oxone和UV/Oxone3种工艺降解ACE,同时对体系中氧化活性物质种类和贡献率进行鉴别和计算.采用响应面曲线法研究HCO₃^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、pH值和温度5因素、3水平条件下UV/Oxone对ACE的去除效果的综合影响,并选用3种实际水体作为原水水质背景来评价UV/Oxone降解ACE的实际降解值和模型预测值的差距,最后比较了3种工艺的效能.结果表明UV、oxone、UV/Oxone3种工艺对ACE的去除率分别为2.1%、53.7%和98.3%.活性物质的鉴别实验发现UV激活oxone会产生^·OH、SO₄^·-和活性氯3种活性物质,且对ACE降解的贡献率分别为37.05%、19.22%和43.73%.通过响应面曲线法得到影响降解ACE效果的回归方程式,该回归方程对应的p值小于0.0001,拟合缺失项不显著,校正决定系数R²>0.8,说明该模型可信度高.选用实际水体进行实际降解和模型预测比较时发现实际降解值基本符合模型预测值.最后对两种不同工艺进行效能比较发现在同等时间和降解率的情况,UV/Oxone耗能最低,是一种高效、快速、可行的降解工艺.     

基于三维动力学模型及试验数据重用技术的全箭模态分析

目的在运载火箭设计过程中,获得精确的全箭模态数据,为火箭总体设计提供关键输入参数。方法针对全箭动特性数据的高效高精度获取问题,提出并实践基于三维动力学模型和试验数据重用相结合的模态参数获取方法,包括高精度全箭三维动力学模型建模技术、数据重用技术、多状态模型修正技术、模型综合技术。结果解决了界面连接刚度未知条件下的全箭模态精确预示难题。在设计阶段给出了高精度的动特性数据,分析结果与靶场试验结果比对,一阶弯曲频率误差在2%以内,斜率误差在4%以内,分析结果通过了靶场竖立模态试验验证,最后进一步通过型号首飞成功验证。结论靶场竖立模态试验验证和型号首飞成功验证说明提出的获取全箭动特性参数方法高效可靠。     

丘陵道路下实际行驶污染物排放研究

为研究丘陵道路特征对实际行驶排放（RDE）试验中污染物排放和动力学特性校验的影响,本文利用一辆轻型汽油车,在重庆地区满足国六排放法规要求的4条不同道路特征的路线上各进行了两次RDE试验.结果表明：CO₂与道路坡度呈显著线性相关,坡度每增加1%,CO₂排放因子平均增加22.4%,CO和PN则与道路坡度呈二次多项式关系,NO_x与坡度无明显相关性.从移动平均窗口层面对比考虑坡度的VSP_pos[95]（路段中正比功率升序排列的第95个百分位值）和不考虑坡度的v·a_pos[95]（速度与正加速乘积升序排列的第95个百分位值）与PN的关系,发现窗口VSP_pos[95]和v·a_pos[95]与PN的二次拟合R2平均值分别为0.93和0.72,当窗口累计正海拔增量大于600 m/100 km时,VSP_pos[95]与PN的相关性明显优于v·a_pos[95],建议在累计正海拔增量大于600 m/100 km的...     

荞麦皮生物炭对奥硝唑的吸附研究

以农林废弃物荞麦皮为原料制备生物炭（BBC）,采用XRD、Raman、N₂吸附/脱附、FTIR和XPS方法对BBC进行表征,研究其对奥硝唑（Ornidazole,ONZ）的吸附性能及机理.结果表明,热解温度在400~800 ℃, BBC的得炭率为24.5%~34%;温度升高,BBC的芳香性和稳定性增加（H/C由0.047降低至0.013）,比表面积和孔容升高,对ONZ的吸附率增加.采用不同动力学和吸附等温线模型对不同热解温度BBC吸附ONZ的过程进行模拟,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温线模型,表明BBC对ONZ的吸附为单层吸附.其中热解温度为800 ℃时的BBC（BBC-800）对ONZ的吸附效果最好,最大吸附量达到27.12 mg?g^-1.初始pH为3.02~11.03,对BBC-800吸附ONZ的影响不大;共存离子（Na⁺、NH₄⁺、CO₃^2-、HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-）对吸附过程有一定促进作用; 腐殖酸（HA）抑制吸附效果, 5.0 g?L^-1时ONZ的吸附率由97.15%下降至56.86%. FTIR、N₂吸附/脱附和XPS分析结果表明, BBC-800对ONZ的吸附机制主要包括孔隙扩散,生物炭表面与ONZ分子间的氢键、π-π和p-π共轭作用. BBC-800能够有效去除实际水体（污水厂二沉池出水、湖水）中ONZ的残留. 吸附-解吸3次循环实验表明,BBC-800仍具有较好的吸附性能, 对ONZ的吸附容量为14.10 mg?g^-1. 研究结果对荞麦皮的资源化及奥硝唑类药物的有效去除具有重要参考价值.     

Simultaneous-count models to estimate abundance from counts of unmarked individuals with imperfect detection

We developed a method to estimate population abundance from simultaneous counts of unmarked individuals over multiple sites. We considered that at each sampling occasion, individuals in a population could be detected at 1 of the survey sites or remain undetected and used either multinomial or binomial simultaneous-count models to estimate abundance, the latter being equivalent to an N-mixture model with one site. We tested model performance with simulations over a range of detection probabilities, population sizes, growth rates, number of years, sampling occasions, and sites. We then applied our method to 3 critically endangered vulture species in Cambodia to demonstrate the real-world applicability of the model and to provide the first abundance estimates for these species in Cambodia. Our new approach works best when existing methods are expected to perform poorly (i.e., few sites and large variation in abundance among sites) and if individuals may move among sites between sampling occasions. The approach performed better when there were >8 sampling occasions and net probability of detection was high (>0.5). We believe our approach will be useful in particular for simultaneous surveys at aggregation sites, such as roosts. The method complements existing approaches for estimating abundance of unmarked individuals and is the first method designed specifically for simultaneous counts.     

Site-selection bias and apparent population declines in long-term studies

Detecting population declines is a critical task for conservation biology. Logistical difficulties and the spatiotemporal variability of populations make estimation of population declines difficult. For statistical reasons, estimates of population decline may be biased when study sites are chosen based on abundance of the focal species. In this situation, apparent population declines are likely to be detected even if there is no decline. This site-selection bias is mentioned in the literature but is not well known. We used simulations and real population data to examine the effects of site-selection biases on inferences about population trends. We used a left-censoring method to detect population-size patterns consistent with site-selection bias. The site-selection bias is an important consideration for conservation biologists, and we offer suggestions for minimizing or mitigating it in study design and analysis. Article impact statement: Estimates of population declines are biased if studies begin in large populations, and time-series data show a signature of such an effect.     

Interparticle diffusion and thermodynamic modeling studies for the removal of heavy metals using mixed adsorbents in industrial effluents

Pollution of water, air, and soil by industrial effluents is a major problem nowadays. A variety of contaminants are too responsible for changing the physicochemical properties of the receiving body. There are practical treatment solutions available to clean up contaminants from various resources. The term “adsorption” refers to one of them. The purpose of the research work is to remove heavy metals from industrial effluent. Mixed adsorbents prepared from activated charcoal and bone charcoals were used to remove the copper and cadmium ions. The experiment carried out in a batch operation and modeling of these data for intraparticle diffusion and thermodynamic calculations were reported in this research work. At optimum operating condition pH 6; metal ion concentration 50 mg/L; dose 5 g/L; agitation 180 rpm and temperature 40°C maximum 99.41% copper ions and 88.12% cadmium ion removal was achieved. Cadmium ions were well fitted in the thermodynamic model compared to copper ions, as demonstrated by the higher correlation coefficient R² (0.9824) value. Intra particle diffusion demonstrated that film diffusion was a rate-limiting step at the start of the reaction, while microporous intraparticle diffusion was the rate-determining phase later on. A Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron micrography analysis confirmed the suitability of mixed adsorbents for the removal of cadmium and copper metal ions.     

Effect of ignition delay on explosion parameters of corn dust/air in confined chamber

This paper presents the explosion parameters of corn dust/air mixtures in confined chamber. The measurements were conducted in a setup which comprises a 5 L explosion chamber, a dust dispersion sub-system, and a transient pressure measurement sub-system. The influences of the ignition delay on the pressure and the rate of pressure rise for the dust/air explosion have been discussed based on the experimental data. It is found that at the lower concentrations, the explosion pressure and the rate of pressure rise of corn dust/air mixtures decrease as the ignition delay increases from 60 ms; But at the higher concentrations, the explosion pressure and the rate of pressure rise increase slightly as the ignition delay increases from 60 ms to 80 ms, and decrease beyond 80 ms. The maximum explosion pressure of corn dust/air mixtures reaches its highest value equal to 0.79 MPa at the concentration of 1000 gm⁻³.     

A multispecies test of source–sink indicators to prioritize habitat for declining populations

For species at risk of decline or extinction in source–sink systems, sources are an obvious target for habitat protection actions. However, the way in which source habitats are identified and prioritized can reduce the effectiveness of conservation actions. Although sources and sinks are conceptually defined using both demographic and movement criteria, simplifications are often required in systems with limited data. To assess the conservation outcomes of alternative source metrics and resulting prioritizations, we simulated population dynamics and extinction risk for 3 endangered species. Using empirically based habitat population models, we linked habitat maps with measured site‐ or habitat‐specific demographic conditions, movement abilities, and behaviors. We calculated source–sink metrics over a range of periods of data collection and prioritized consistently high‐output sources for conservation. We then tested whether prioritized patches identified the habitats that most affected persistence by removing them and measuring the population response. Conservation decisions based on different source–sink metrics and durations of data collection affected species persistence. Shorter time series obscured the ability of metrics to identify influential habitats, particularly in temporally variable and slowly declining populations. Data‐rich source–sink metrics that included both demography and movement information did not always identify the habitats with the greatest influence on extinction risk. In some declining populations, patch abundance better predicted influential habitats for short‐term regional persistence. Because source–sink metrics (i.e., births minus deaths; births and immigrations minus deaths and emigration) describe net population conditions and cancel out gross population counts, they may not adequately identify influential habitats in declining populations. For many nonequilibrium populations, new metrics that maintain the counts of individual births, deaths, and movement may provide additional insight into habitats that most influence persistence.