土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对相关参数的影响

为了探明四环素类抗生素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对鸡粪好氧堆肥过程参数的影响,采用室内好氧堆肥法,以土霉素为四环素类抗生素模式化合物,研究了鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中,不同起始浓度土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对堆体温度、pH、发芽指数等指标的影响.结果表明:①土霉素在鸡粪堆肥初期(0～10 d)降解较快,随后逐渐减缓.在堆肥开始0～10 d内,添加浓度为25 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最快,去除率达67.43%;添加浓度为75 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最慢,去除率仅为45.91%.土霉素在各堆肥处理中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,其相关系数介于0.911 1～0.991 3.②土霉素对鸡粪堆肥过程具有一定的影响.土霉素处理在一定程度上降低了鸡粪堆肥堆体温度升高的速率,缩短了堆肥高温期的时间.③高浓度(100 mg·kg-1)土霉素处理对鸡粪堆肥过程中pH等指标是有影响的,堆肥第42 d时,堆体pH较对照增加4.58%;堆体TN、WSC分别较对照增加12.62%和49.06%;堆体NH4+-N较对照增加35.30%.④土霉素能够在一定程度上降低鸡粪堆肥堆体的腐熟度.当土霉素初始添加浓度低于50 mg·kg-1时,对腐熟度没有太大影响,而当土霉素初始浓度>50mg·kg-1可以显著降低鸡粪堆肥产品的腐熟度,主要表现为NH4+-N/NO3--N>0.5,GI<80%.结果表明,尽管土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥中可以快速降解,半衰期仅为1.79～4.88 d,但当鸡粪中土霉素浓度高于50 mg·kg-1即会抑制堆肥过程的顺利进行.     

Evaluation of oxygen transfer parameters of fine-bubble aeration system in plug flow aeration tank of wastewater treatment plant

Knowledge of the oxygen mass transfer of aerators under operational conditions in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is meaningful for the optimization of WWTP, however, scarce to best of our knowledge. Through analyzing a plug flow aeration tank in the Lucun WWTP, in Wuxi, China, the oxygenation capacity of fine-bubble aerators under process conditions have been measured in- situ using the off-gas method and the non-steady-state method. The off-gas method demonstrated that the aerators in different corridors in the aeration tank of WWTP had significantly different oxygen transfer performance; furthermore, the aerators in the same corridor shared almost equal oxygen transfer performance over the course of a day. Results measured by the two methods showed that the oxygen transfer performance of fine-bubble aerators in the aeration tank decreased dramatically compared with that in the clean water. The loss of oxygen transfer coefficient was over 50% under low-aeration conditions (aeration amount < 0.67 Nm 3 /hr). However, as the aeration amount reached 0.96 Nm 3 /hr, the discrepancy of oxygen transfer between the process condition and clean water was negligible. The analysis also indicated that the non-steady-state and off-gas methods resulted in comparable estimates of oxygen transfer parameters for the aerators under process conditions.     

Urbanization and environmental policy effects on the future availability of grazing resources on the Mongolian Plateau: Modeling socio-environmental system dynamics

The rangelands of the Mongolian Plateau are dynamic socio-environmental systems that are influenced by a complex network of drivers, including climate, social institutions, market forces, and national-scale policies affecting land access and management. The sustainability and resilience of rangelands in this region depend on the ability of residents and policy makers to quickly respond by adapting livelihoods and land uses to changes in environmental and socio-economic conditions, but the responses of the system to these changes are often non-linear and difficult to predict. We developed a system dynamics model to understand how the human, natural, and land-use processes in the Mongolian rangeland ecosystem interact to produce dynamic outcomes in both grassland productivity and livestock populations. We developed two separate models based on a common integrative framework for two case study areas: Suhkbaatar Aimag in Mongolia and Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia. We used future scenarios for each region generated with stakeholder input to forecast trends in grassland area, livestock numbers, and biomass under alternative climate, socioeconomic, and land-use futures. By incorporating stakeholder-developed scenarios, we were able to explore future scenarios tailored to the particular questions and concerns relevant to the individual study areas. We find that while there are many similarities in the factors driving system dynamics in the two countries, the trajectories of key grassland resources are quite different, both between the two study regions and across the individual scenarios. Environmental policies play a key role in Xilingol, while economic development is a key driver in Sukhbaatar. Urbanization dynamics will be a major influence on the availability of grassland resources in the future.     

杉木人工林生态系统的生物地球化学循环Ⅰ:养分归还动态

在福建南平地区 ,对林龄和密度不同的两片杉木人工林的凋落物和森林降水化学进行了 3a(1994～1996 )的定位研究 .株密度n =2 370hm-2 的 16a生林分 (标记为FFC)和株密度n =1180hm-2 的 41a生林分 (标记为XQF)的年凋落量分别为 6 2 10 .7kghm-2 和 3 146 .2kghm-2 ,其中落叶分别占总重量的 76 %和 6 8% .凋落物中 5种主要营养元素的年归还量分别为 173.92kghm-2 和 84.2 0kghm-2 ,其数量大小顺序均为Ca >N >Mg >K>P ,并在 4月份和 11月份出现两次峰值 .在两监测样地 ,降水通过林冠后养分富集现象均十分明显 .降雨、穿透雨和树干径流中养分浓度呈现显著的季节变化 ,均以夏季最低 ,冬季最高 ,春秋季居中 ,这种格局强烈受降雨量的控制 .在两林分中降水引起的 5种元素的年淋溶量分别为 173 .33kghm-2 和 10 7.5 3kghm-2 ,大小顺序为K >Ca >Mg ,而N(及FFC的P)出现负值 ,表明其被林冠层直接吸收 .林龄和密度对生态系统的养分归还具有重要影响 .图 5表 4参 15     

长江,嘉陵江重庆城区段流管划分及其水力学参数的确定

用作水流平面图的方法来计算河流累积流量，根据确定的流管系数对累积流量曲线进行分割，求得二维水质数学模型所需的流管宽度，水深和平均流速等水力学参数。     

室内空气品质评价

介绍国内外有关室内空气品质的评价方法，着重介绍CFD和多区域两类模拟方法。     

陶瓷磨削参数对表面残余应力的影响

磨削时容易产生裂纹是影响陶瓷应用的关键问题．在磨削过程中，陶瓷残余应力会增大表面裂纹．磨削条件包括磨削因素和砂轮因素等．本文阐述了用金刚石磨削Al2O3时残余应力的变化规律和机械加工原理．     

Seasonal Dynamics of Cattle Reproduction in the North

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

均相阳离子隔离阴阳极室电化学降解含酚废水实验及其动力学研究

在隔离阴阳极室的条件下进行电化学法降解含酚废水实验 ,结果表明 ,在 2 5～ 4 5℃的低温范围内 ,苯酚的转化率能达到 95 %以上。反应动力学研究揭示 ,其活化能Ea =12 75～ 16 0 6kJ mol,与一般化学反应的活化能Ea =6 0～2 5 0kJ mol相比 ,本实验的活化能很低 ,即反应所要克服的势能垒很低 ,反应更易进行 ,这是电化学脱酚速率快 ,降解彻底的重要原因 ;另外 ,不同电解液对比实验显示 ,降解苯酚时在碱性电解液中更为有效