水体沉积物中石油类物质释放过程动力学研究

模拟水体沉积物中石油类物质向水相中释放的动力学过程,探讨在不同石油污染强度下,石油物质在水相中饱和浓度的变化。研究结果表明:上述过程可以用滞膜模型进行描述,释放过程为典型的一级动力学过程,沉积物中石油含量与水相中石油的释放浓度呈正向关系,在相同的释放条件下,污染强度越高,水相中石油的饱和浓度越高,释放速度也越快。     

概率火灾安全分析方法研究

为分析和评估火灾对设备、建筑物等敏感目标结构安全的影响,结合化工定量风险评估方法和气体爆炸概率安全分析方法,提出概率火灾安全分析策略和实施流程。该方法包括火灾危害辨识、泄漏速率计算、火灾后果模拟、频率分析、绘制频率超越热载荷曲线、结构响应分析等关键步骤。以某柴油罐区为例,通过频率分析和火灾模拟,绘制出频率超越热载荷曲线,假定火灾风险可接受准则为10-4/a,求得对应的可信热载荷为21 kW/m2,并以此值作为结构热响应分析的输入参数。火灾概率安全分析方法侧重于描述火灾热辐射强度及其对应的发生可能性,判定敏感目标遭遇的可信火灾热载荷强度和结构热响应行为,评估消防减灾措施效果,确保结构完整性和可用性,不评价工艺系统潜在火灾风险的高低。     

基于环境参数监测评估的丙烯腈装置安全预警技术研究

以丙烯腈生产装置为研究对象,调查分析其存在的主要危险因素以及工艺特性,依据偏差分析原理建立了丙烯腈装置的异常处置原则与标准,设计了具有环境质量浓度监测评估和过程参数偏差预警分析的双重监控预警平台。该平台通过建立的OPC通讯技术,实时获得现场环境质量浓度及关键参数的信息,进行泄漏扩散事故的早期预警和早期干预处置,并通过对监测数据的综合动态分析预测危险气体环境质量浓度的变化趋势以及可能对周边带来的危害。     

层状节理岩体模型冲击实验

为研究层状节理岩体在冲击荷载作用下的力学特性,实验采用水泥砂浆预制层状节理岩体模型,设计4个落锤高度对不同节理组数的岩体进行冲击加载。通过对冲击过程中载荷及加速时程信号的分析处理,得出节理岩体动态承载力与节理组数呈负相关性,压缩位移与冲击高度呈正相关性;当冲击荷载较小时,节理岩体动态压缩位移主要来自节理法向闭合,节理周边开始产生细微裂缝;随着冲击荷载的逐渐增大,裂缝逐渐沿节理面扩展贯通导致岩体破坏。     

Multiannual trend of microcystin production in the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens in Lake Garda (Italy)

Massive developments (blooms) of cyanobacteria represent a major concern in many natural and artificial waterbodies, because of the high levels of toxins that can be released into water. Microcystins, potent hepatotoxins, represent the most frequent toxins produced by cyanobacteria. The determination of the microcystins’ profile in waterbodies is important for determining the real toxic potential. We have investigated the evolution of the microcystins’ profile of Lake Garda (Italy) from both a qualitative and a quantitative point of view over a period of five years. We have also analysed possible correlations between toxin profile and selected environmental parameters. We found that a demethylated microcystin variant (RRdm) was always dominant but showing a cyclic trend, alternating periods in which it represented the only variant, and periods in which other variants were present (LRdm, HtyrRdm, RR, and LR). These changes are probably due to changes in chemotypes composition inside the resident Planktothrix rubescens population and do not seem to be exclusively linked to the considered environmental variables. Total microcystin concentrations were always low (in the ng?L^?1 scale), and showed typical peaks in the metalimnetic layer during summer–autumn time of each year.     

Peregrine falcon egg pollutants

The role of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) as a bioindicator for the accumulation of organohalogen compounds and other persistent organic pollutants has been established in field studies. Biometric indices for damage caused by pollutants such as the shell thickness and the shell index were determined and the egg contents were analyzed for various pollutants by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A wide range of chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX®) bioassays were performed on subsamples of the eggs.

The following organohalogen compounds were found in the eggs of 2009: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorobiphenyls and polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans, polybromodiphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenyl A, perfluoro compounds, and mercury. The DDT metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) (11,800 ng/g dry matter), was found to be the most highly concentrated egg contaminant followed by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (3800 ng/g). After a past general drop in pollution level, most egg contaminants presently plateau at levels that may still exceed limit values in foods of animal origin (DDE) or even toxicological thresholds (polychlorobiphenyls + polychlorodibenzodioxins, polybromodiphenyl ethers, perfluorooctanesulfonate, methylmercury).

Accumulation of DDE could be shown in peregrine falcon eggs from the uplands of Southwest Germany with elevations up to 1500 m, presumably due to its global distribution and its cold condensation in higher altitudes. In contrast, the concentration of polychlorobiphenyls in falcon eggs decreases with elevation, indicating that these pollutants originate mainly from conurbations and local industrial sites.

Significant negative correlations were found between both shell index and thickness and the concentration of Hg. A deleterious effect is also evident from a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 120 ng MeHg per gram egg determined by other authors in chronic feeding studies with ibises, which resulted in decreased egg productivity and male homosexual nesting and courtship behavior. The average Hg concentration in the peregrine falcon eggs from 2009 is almost four times higher than this level. MeHg accounted for 82.5% of the Hg present in the eggs of 2009 and 2010.

The cell test DR CALUX® for screening of dioxin-like activities can be used to detect not only the 29 regulated dioxin-like substances but also many other persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like potencies, such as mixed halogenated dioxins/biphenyls. In our case, the results of bioanalytical screening methods showed no additional effect of other compounds with dioxin-like activity.

Ninety-three out of 177 analytes sought could be detected in the eggs. Chlorinated paraffins, organotin compounds, some pesticides that are still in use, and phthalic esters with the exception of traces of diethylhexyl phthalate could be excluded. All pollutants found in the eggs belong to substance classes banned by the Stockholm and Minamata Conventions.     

Study of chemical supply system of high-tech process using inherently safer design strategies in Taiwan

The photoelectric, semiconductor and other high-tech industries are Taiwan's most important economic activities. High-tech plant incidents are caused by hazardous energy, even when that energy is confined to the inside of the process machine. During daily maintenance procedures, overhauling or troubleshooting, engineers entering the interior of the machines are in direct contact with the source of the energy or hazardous substances, which can cause serious injury. The best method for preventing such incidents is to use inherently safer design strategies (ISDs); this approach can fully eliminate the dangers from the sources of hazardous energy at a facility.This study first conducts a lithography process hazard analysis and compiles a statistical analysis of the causes of the fires and losses at high-tech plants in Taiwan since 1996, the aim being to establish the necessary improvement measures by using the Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS) to solve relevant problems. The researchers also investigate the lithography process machine in order to explore carriage improvement measures, and analyse the fires' causes and reactive materials hazardous properties, from 1996 to 2012. The effective improvement measures are established based on the accident statistics. The study site is a 300 mm wafer fabrication plant located in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan.After the completion of the annual maintenance jobs improvement from September 2011 to December 2012, the number of lithography process accidents was reduced from 6 to 1. The accident rate was significantly reduced and there were no staff time losses for a continuous 6882 h. It is confirmed that the plant safety level has been effectively enhanced. The researchers offer safety design recommendations regarding transport process appliances, chemical storage tanks, fume cupboard devices, chemical rooms, pumping equipment, transportation pipelines, valve manual box (VMB) process machines and liquid waste discharge lines. These recommendations can be applied in these industries to enhance the safety level of high-tech plants, facilities or process systems.     

Phytoplankton dynamics and species diversity in a shallow eutrophic,natural mid-altitude lake in Himachal Pradesh (India): role of physicochemical factors

Rewalsar Lake, a mid-altitude, shallow and recreational water body located in the north-western Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh (India) was studied through monthly surveys in two consecutive years (March 2008 to February 2010). Forty-seven species belonging to seven groups of phytoplankton were identified from the lake. Microcystis aeruginosa and Synedra ulna exhibited a perennial habit. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus bijugatus, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, Eudorina elegans, Navicula cuspidate, Synedra ulna, Euglena acus, Euglena oxyuris, Spirulina gomontii, Oscillatoria princeps and Arthrospira khannae were abundant, and Oscillatoria limosa and Microcystis aeruginosa were highly abundant. Twenty-one important criteria were studied, for example, temperature, free carbon dioxide, biochemical oxygen demand, total alkalinity, nitrate, silicate and phosphate, which provide an idea of the portability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes as per the permissible limits given in World Health Organization, Indian Council of Medical Research and Indian Standards Institute standards. Pearson's correlation revealed a significant relationship between physicochemical parameters and different algal groups. Both plankton and chlorophyll a showed a bimodal pattern of fluctuation. High annual mean concentrations of chlorophyll a (mg L^?1) were recorded as 11.44 in 2008–09, and 11.04 in 2009–10. As per the Palmer pollution index, 13 pollution-tolerant algal species with a pollution score of 37 were observed. The Central Pollution Control Board categorised the water at Rewalsar Lake as ‘D–E’.     

构造煤超声波参数影响因素的分析

一定厚度构造煤的存在是瓦斯突出发生的必要条件;同时,构造煤发育区域也往往是瓦斯富集区。因此,研究构造煤的物性参数具有重要意义。采用灰色关联度和多元回归分析相结合的方法对构造煤的超声波实验测试参数的影响因素进行半定量研究。研究结果表明:影响构造煤纵波波速和品质因子的主要因素是煤体的孔隙率、水分、灰分和挥发分。纵波波速和品质因子随着孔隙率和挥发分的增加而增加,随着水分和灰分的增加而减少,视密度和最大镜质组反射率对两者影响较小。最后,从微观角度定性分析了孔隙率、水分和灰分三个主要影响因素对构造煤超声波参数的影响机理,为超声波探测构造煤技术提供了一定的理论支持。     

影响毒性物质扩散的参数敏感性分析

毒性物质泄漏可能引发严重的环境污染或人员伤亡,分析毒性物质扩散规律及主要影响因素,对环境保护、应急救援和风险评估具有重大意义。选择了氯化氢、氨气、液溴3种有毒物质作为模拟对象,对影响毒性物质扩散的主要参数进行敏感性分析计算,分析了参数值的变化对扩散距离的影响程度。结果表明,参数的影响与泄漏物质自身性质有关,物质的沸点是影响扩散的主要因素之一。