基于OTIS模型的巢湖十五里河源头段氮磷滞留特征

为揭示巢湖十五里河源头河段氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NH4Cl、KH2PO4及NaCl作为示踪剂,开展野外现场示踪实验.根据获得的氯离子浓度和营养盐浓度穿透曲线数据信息,利用OTIS与OTIS-P计算软件,估算水文参数(D、A、As、a等)和营养盐一阶吸收系数(λ、λs).在此基础上,计算暂态存储指标和营养盐吸收相关参数值,定量评估主河道流动水体与暂态存储对NH4+和SRP的损失贡献.结果表明,主河道与暂态存储区NH4+吸收系数平均值分别为3.88×10-6,8.81×10-4s-1,SRP分别为7.80×10-6,7.98×10-8s-1;综合衰减系数k-NH4平均值为1.64×10-4s-1,k-SRP为7.80×10-6s-1;NH4+和SRP的吸收长度Sw-NH4、Sw-SRP相当大,分别为1632.88,25471.32m,意味着该河段经由物理或生态过程去除N、P的可能性低;该河段Vf-NH4、Vf-SRP 值较营养盐浓度低的溪流或小河流偏小,但U-NH4、U-SRP则明显偏大;暂态存储对于NH4+损失的平均贡献率为93.82%,主河道水流对SRP损失的平均贡献率高达99.70%.     

零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬的研究

利用液相还原法制备的零价纳米铁(nZVI)进行了去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究.结果表明,nZVI对Cr的去除效果明显优于还原铁粉和粉末活性碳;pH值越小、初始Cr浓度越低、nZVI放置时间越短及投加量越大均有利于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,最佳去除率近100%;反应动力学拟合结果表明,nZVI去除六价铬符合准二级动力学模型;反应后nZVI颗粒的扫描电镜及电子能谱结果显示Cr占12.02%(wt),结合对反应溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)分析,说明吸附、还原与共沉淀可能是nZVI去除水中六价铬的主要机理.     

可散式弹链拉断力变化规律研究

目的 确保弹箱内的弹链(抱弹状态)在库房存放一段时间后依然稳定供弹,描述可散式弹链拉断力在不同温度环境下的变化规律.方法 应用环境作用动力学理论,建立可散式弹链的拉断力变化微分方程,求解可散式弹链的拉断力变化微分方程,得到可散式弹链拉断力变化规律的微分方程通解,再通过高温加速试验数据,求得可散式弹链拉断力变化规律的微分...     

电子企业水质特征因子与雨污混接诊断研究

针对雨水管网旱天混接排放来源中,工业企业接入雨水管网可能造成的严重水环境污染问题,以城区内存在的电子类工业企业为研究对象,开展了电子类企业混接水质特征因子识别与混接诊断研究.研究表明,在22项水质监测指标中,显著表征电子类企业废水混接的水质特征因子指标包括氟化物、氯化物、硫酸盐;其中氟化物的显著性最高,且浓度变化范围相对最低,约为(10.5±1.76) mg/L(均值±标准差).针对上海市中心城区某排水系统,以氟化物作为特征因子,结合化学质量平衡模型和随机算法对半导体废水混接进行了解析,与调查结果相比,混接水量解析误差在15%以内.进一步针对各种典型工业行业类型,建立混接水质特征因子数据库,可将水质特征因子推广应用于雨水管网混接成因识别.     

渗滤液浓缩液回灌出水盐分对回灌参数的敏感性研究

采用成都某垃圾填埋场的渗滤液浓缩液,对装填了填埋龄为15年垃圾的垃圾柱开展了回灌实验,研究了回灌负荷、回灌频次、回灌速度以及回灌方式对回灌出水盐分的影响;基于实验结果,利用一种新型的灰色绝对接近关联度分析方法进行建模,研究了回灌出水盐分对各参数的敏感性。研究结果表明:以0号垃圾柱的回灌出水盐分为基准,回灌出水盐分对回灌参数的敏感性大小为:回灌负荷(6 L/d)>回灌速度(24 L/h)>回灌负荷(4.5 L/d)>回灌频次(6次/d)>回灌频次(3次/d)>回灌方式(中央布水)>回灌速度(6 L/h)>回灌方式(分散布水),因此降低回灌出水盐分优先控制的因素为回灌负荷和回灌速度。     

煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真研究

为了深入探讨煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的影响机理,针对煤矿井下安全环境的复杂性和特殊性,建立了煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真模型,采用变异系数法确定各影响因素的权重系数,通过文献调研和问卷调查,完成了煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性仿真。结果表明:设备系统对安全系统暴露度效果最显著;环境系统对安全系统敏感度效果最显著;员工系统和管理系统对安全系统适应度效果最显著。为了有效提升煤矿井下安全系统水平,煤矿企业需要通过改进设备系统（尤其是员工安全保障品）来降低安全系统暴露度,通过完善环境管理（尤其是尘毒治理情况）来降低安全系统敏感度,通过加强员工系统和管理系统（尤其是员工违规操作和安全监督检查）来提升安全系统适应度。     

The effects of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors in the Loess Plateau of China

In situ experiments were undertaken to examine the impacts of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors. Experimental sites with slopes containing vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground were investigated for slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6% and flow discharges of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0?m³?s^?1. Results from our study provide details on the relationship between soil detachment and both slope gradient and flow discharge. Soil detachment rates increased with an increase in slope and discharge, and discharge was identified to have a stronger influence on soil detachment than slope. In contrast, the combination of litter cover and roots played an important role in reducing soil detachment; detachment rate decreased by about 55% relative to bare slopes; and plant roots had a greater impact on detachment reduction. The presence of vegetation cover can decrease rill erodibility by 83% and increase critical shear stress by 224% compared with bare slopes. These results provide valuable information on the importance of woodland in soil detachment control, and may help to improve vegetation construction in seriously eroded regions of the Loess Plateau.     

Characteristics of N2O emission from Medicago sativa stands and its response to nitrogen fertilizers in the Longdong dryland Plateau北大核心CSCD

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that depletes the stratospheric ozone. Nitrogen fertilizers are considered to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. To investigate the characteristics of N2O emission, its influencing factors, and its response to nitrogen application in dry grassland in the Loess Plateau, one of the most intensively used agricultural regions in China, we conducted a field trial with two treatments including N0 (0 kg hm-2) and N150 (150 kg hm-2) at the Qingyang Loess Plateau grassland agricultural research station of Lanzhou University. An LGR-N2O/CO gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions. The results showed that the N2O fluxes of the N0 and N150 treatments during the monitoring period were -0.0036 and 0.0118 mg m-2 h-1, respectively; the flux in case of the N150 treatment was significantly higher than that for the N0 treatment. The N2O emission flux has a distinct diurnal variation characteristic, which first showed the trend of decreasing and then increasing. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the N2O flux and the surface soil water content at a depth of 10 cm. The N2O emission flux increased by 131.3%, compared with that during the non-precipitation days. At the same time, the N2O emission flux showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the surface soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm. The daily emission characteristics indicated that there may be a significant underestimation of the N2O flux at the daily or longer time-scale, based on the N2O flux value measured at 9:00-11:00. In summary, the N2O emissions from the sown alfalfa grassland of the eastern Gansu are strongly affected by precipitation and nitrogen application and have obvious daily dynamic characteristics. It is recommended that the accuracy and representativeness of N2O emission flux data be enhanced by continuous dynamic measurement using the instrument. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于高分影像的城市水体遥感综合分级方法

城市水体是城市生态系统中的重要组成部分,为此,针对城市水体提出了一种基于国产高分影像的水环境遥感综合评价方法.在2017~2019年间的南京、无锡、常州和扬州市等城市多次水体采样工作的基础上,分析了城市水体光谱特征与水质参数的相应关系.基于国际标准的色度转换模型和FUI（forel-ule index）水色指数,构建了基于高分二号（GF-2）影像的适用于城市水体的U-FUI（urban forel-ule index）水色指数,实现了城市水体的遥感分级,独立的验证数据表明分级模型的识别正确率可达72%.结果表明,根据U-FUI水色指数可以将城市水体有效地分为U-FUI Ⅰ~U-FUI Ⅵ共6级水体,依次分别代表水色呈蓝色、浅绿色、深绿色、黄色、黄棕色以及灰黑色的水体.其中,U-FUI的Ⅰ级水体水质较好而在城市水体中少有分布,U-FUI的Ⅱ和Ⅲ级水体具有较高的叶绿素a浓度,U-FUI的Ⅳ和Ⅴ级水体的总悬浮物浓度和无机悬浮物浓度相对较高,U-FUI的Ⅵ级水体水质较差且水质参数与各级水体均有较大差异.同时,将该方法成功地应用于2018年4月9日南京市GF-2影像,结果显示南京市水体以U-FUI Ⅱ~U-FUI Ⅳ级水体为主,U-FUI的Ⅰ级、Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级水体在城市中的分布相对较少,空间分布特征与同期原位采样结果一致.     

分阶段接菌对中药残渣堆肥腐熟度及微生物多样性的影响

堆肥通常用于处理有机固体废弃物,可通过接种木质纤维素降解功能菌群提高堆肥进程及产品品质.然而,堆肥过程中传统的功能菌群一次性添加方式,不仅造成了堆肥过程中较低的堆肥效率,而且堆肥产品品质也并不稳定.为了探究基于不同接种方法对堆肥过程腐熟度和品质的影响,设置M0（不接菌）、M1（分阶段接菌）及M2（一次性接菌）3个好氧堆肥处理,考察各处理堆肥过程中理化性质变化、木质纤维素降解及微生物群落多样性.结果表明:M1处理下,堆肥至第20天,堆体温度达到51.2℃且拥有最高的嗜热温度（67.8℃）;堆肥至第67天,发芽指数达到83.61%.此外,M1处理下腐殖质增长率、总有机碳降解率、纤维素降解率和木质素降解率均最高,分别为50.20%、53.86%、59.87%和40.61%,远高于其他2个处理.变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析显示,在嗜热期,真菌种群对于木质纤维素生物降解的作用比细菌种群更加突出,并且受到总磷含量、pH、碱解氮含量和碳氮比的显著影响.研究显示,分阶段接菌可以显著提高堆体温度及堆体中木质纤维素降解酶活性,促进堆体腐熟进程及堆肥产品中腐殖质等养分积累.