A new method for the prediction of flash points for ternary miscible mixtures

The flash point is one of the most important physicochemical parameters used to characterize the fire and explosion hazard for flammable liquids. The flash points of ternary miscible mixtures with different components and compositions were measured in this study. Four model input parameters, being normal boiling point, the standard enthalpy of vaporization, the average number of carbon atoms and the stoichiometric concentration of the gas phase for mixtures, were employed and calculated based on the theory of vapor–liquid equilibrium. Both multiple linear regression (MLR) and multiple nonlinear regression (MNR) methods were applied to develop prediction models for the flash points of ternary miscible mixtures. The developed predictive models were validated using data measured experimentally as well as taking data on flash points of ternairy mixtures from the literature. Results showed that the obtained average absolute error of both the MLR and the MNR model for all the datasets were within the range of experimental error of flash point measurements. It is shown that the presented models can be effectively used to predict the flash points of ternary mixtures with only some common physicochemical parameters.     

机动车加油过程中气液两相流动特性的CFD数值模拟

随着环保法规的不断完善,机动车加油过程中所产生的油气排放污染问题越来越受到重视.国外自20世纪90年代中后期开始采用数值模拟手段对机动车的加油过程进行研究,而国内迄今尚处于空白阶段.对机动车加油过程所涉及的＂加油枪喷嘴＋加油管＋油箱＋回气管＂物理体系进行适当简化,采用商业计算流体动力学（CFD）软件Fluent中提供的VOF气液两相流模型和RNG k-ε湍流模型,在基于Gambit软件确定网格划分方案和进行适当的边界条件设置后,建立了合理可行的加油过程气液两相流动CFD数值模拟模型,讨论了加油速度对油箱内气相空间静压力的影响,揭示了汽油在加油管内的回流现象.结果表明,加油枪的流量越大,油箱内气相空间的静压总体上也逐渐增大;同时油箱内气相空间的静压总体上可以划分为3个较为明显的阶段.而当加油流量较大时,往往会引起汽油在加油管油帽段内回流,从而使得加油枪过早跳枪.本研究为国内自主开展机动车加油以及油气排放污染控制技术和设备方面的研究开发奠定了一定基础.     

Application of game theory in risk management of urban natural gas pipelines

This paper presents a game theory methodology for risk management of urban natural gas pipelines, which is a collaborative participation mechanism of the stakeholders, including government, pipeline companies, and the public. Firstly, the involvement proportion of stakeholders in risk management under rational conditions is estimated by the static game theory. Subsequently, the system dynamics (SD) simulation is used to establish an evolution game model of stakeholders in risk management under the irrational conditions, in which the stability of the evolution game process is analyzed. The stakeholders’ involvement proportions from the static game model are utilized as the inputs for the evolution game model to simulate the dynamic evolution behavior of risk management strategies with different involvement proportions of stakeholders. Eventually, the dynamic evaluation game can extract an optimal strategy for risk management of urban natural gas pipelines. A case study is used to illustrate the methodology. In essence, this methodology can be extended for implementing risk management of urban infrastructure.     

Influence evaluation of ionic liquids on the alteration of nitrification waste for thermal stability

Nitrification waste (NW) is the processed product of nitro compounds, flammable and explosive, and is prone to accidents due to thermal runaway. Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used as flame retardants and have a good inhibitory effect. The effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate as humectants on the thermal stability of NW was investigated in this paper. The microstructure and properties of the ionic liquid hybrid NW were first investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Secondly, thermogravimetric experiments were carried out on the ionic liquid mixed NW by thermogravimetric-infrared spectroscopy to analyze the decomposition law. Finally, six advanced linear regression thermokinetic models were used to calculate its apparent activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and other thermokinetic parameters, and the reaction model was simulated through multiple linear regression. The experimental research results in this paper can provide a reference for the storage and disposal of nitro compounds and their wastes.     

Numerical simulation of the thermal inertia of an adiabatic reaction calorimeter in reaction thermal safety process

Obtaining accurate thermal risk assessment parameters of chemical processes and substance properties is essential for improving the safety of chemical production and substance use and storage, and the adiabatic reaction calorimeter (ARC) has been employed by many researchers for this purpose. However, with the improvement and upgrading of the instrument, an examination of the factors that affect its detection accuracy is warranted. A simplified reaction model of the adiabatic thermal decomposition of tert-butyl peroxyacetate was constructed using computational fluid dynamics in which the adiabatic thermal decomposition kinetic model and fluid-solid coupling model were combined to simulate heat transfer. To verify the reliability of the parameters of the numerical calculation model, the effects of the sample cell's material, wall thickness, and mass were investigated in relation to the thermal inertia of the ARC. The results indicated that the thermal inertia of the system was lowest when the sample cell was composed of titanium. When the sample pool's composition is determined, the thermal inertia of the system can be reduced to a certain extent through an approximate increase in the sample mass. Finally, an analysis of the heat flow cloud diagram of the wall of sample pools made from different materials revealed that the thermal conductivity of titanium was high; this information can assist in controlling the adiabatic process.     

Process hazard assessment of energetic ionic liquid with kinetic evaluation and thermal equilibrium

With the continuous development of battery technology, there are new research investments in materials of various parts. In the field of electrolytes, ionic liquids (IL) are considered to be excellent electrolytes and have been widely studied in distinct energy fields. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the safety characteristics of ionic liquids at high temperature due to the application of energy, but there is little research on the reaction and kinetics of ionic liquids. To ensure the safety of ionic liquids, such as high temperature, the common ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([Emim] NO₃) was selected for analysis. The exothermic mode is obtained from the data of differential scanning calorimetry. The basic reaction parameters of [Emim] NO₃ were determined with thermodynamic equation simulation. For ionic liquids in the actual situation, consider adding a heat balance model to estimate its temperature change pattern and find out the hazard temperature and related safety parameters. Temperature changes were estimated by constructing 25.0 g and 50.0 g packages to simulate material reactions and heat transfer in the external environment. The results showed that [Emim] NO₃ had shorter TMR_ad and TCL (<1 day) when the temperature was above 180 °C.     

池塘养殖(青虾)生态系统服务价值的系统动力学模型

生态服务价值的评估在近10 a来受到广泛关注,但大多基于静态评估框架,缺少动态分析。研究运用系统动力学的原理和方法,分析了青虾池塘养殖生态系统服务价值评估系统的内部结构,描绘了因果关系图及流图,建立了相应的系统动力学模型,初步预测不同决策方案下食物供给、固碳、释放氧气价值和富营养化环境成本在30 a内的变化趋势,结果表明:①无论采取何种决策,若系统外部环境不变,生态系统净服务价值的供给趋于稳定;②在池塘养殖生态系统中,释放氧气和固定二氧化碳等非市场价值是生态系统服务价值重要稳定的来源;③青虾养殖中投资变动在短期内往往会造成水产品市场价值的大幅波动,长期里则因投入的增加而增加,但增加率逐渐减少,最终达到稳定值;④在当前条件假设和环境参数的约束下,模型模拟结果与实测结果基本一致。     

一种基于分形结构的复合左右手传输线及其在小型化功分器中应用

首先提出了一种基于互补开口单环谐振器对（CSSRRP）的新型谐振式复合左右手传输线（CRLH TL）和其等效电路模型.采用Bloch理论对等效电路进行了深入研究,推导了CRLH TL工作于平衡态的计算公式.通过等效电磁参数提取,证明了该结构的负折射率与后向波传输特性.其次在CSSRRP中引入Koch分形结构,设计了工作于WiMAX波段的电小平衡零相移传输线.最后基于设计的零相移传输线制作了一分四串联功分器.对其进行测试,测试结果与仿真结果完全符合,从而验证了设计方法的正确性.与传统统蜿蜒线状一分四功分器相比,本文提出的功分器带宽有效展宽56%且尺寸缩减了42%.基于分形CSSRRP的左手传输线必将在小型化无线通信系统中得到广泛应用.     

Decomposition dynamic of higher plant pigments by HPLC analysis

IntroductionHigh performanceliquidchromatographic (HPLC )systemsweredevelopedforhigherplantpigmentsinthelate1970’sandearly 1980’s .Subsequently ,morecomplexHPLCsystemsweredevelopedforchlorophyllsandcarotenoidsfrommicroalgaeandnaturalphytoplanktonpopulations(Gieskes,1991;Hodgson ,1997;Bris,1998) .Bothreversedphaseandnormalphasesystemswereused .TheHPLCtechniquewasusedmorerecentlyforplantpigmentanalysis,andithasledtoasignificantincreaseinseparationandinthenumberofpigmentsthatcanbeidentifi…