广州市城区站点冬季PM2.5时间变化及碳氮同位素组成特征

于2018年冬季在广州城区磨碟沙站点开展细颗粒物(PM_2.5)样品采集,并获得PM_2.5中水溶性离子、含碳组分、稳定碳氮同位素的组成及时间变化特征,重点讨论了PM_2.5浓度升高时段的化学组成特征变化,进而利用稳定碳氮同位素变化特征探究了主要污染来源。结果表明：采样期间,研究站点PM_2.5平均质量浓度为22.1μg/m³,共出现两个PM_2.5浓度水平升高时段,所对应的平均质量浓度分别达46.0μg/m³和63.0μg/m³。风速降低、温度升高等不利气象条件是导致上述时段PM_2.5浓度上升的重要原因。在上述时段,伴随着PM_2.5浓度的升高,NO^-₃和NH⁺₄浓度均出现显著升高,NO^-₃与SO^2-₄的摩...     

店埠河流域地表水-地下水水化学特征及其成因分析

巢湖是我国水污染防治的重点水体,但近年来一直处于较高的富营养化水平.以巢湖二级支流店埠河流域内的地表水和地下水为研究对象,测试不同水体水化学组成和氢氧同位素值,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法,分析其季节性和空间变化特征,探讨地表水和地下水的水化学特征和形成机制.结果表明,①大气降水是店埠河流域地表水和地下水的主要补给来源,地表水的蒸发分馏效应比地下水更显著.不同时期,地表水比地下水更富集氢氧稳定同位素.地表水和地下水中氢氧稳定同位素均呈季节性变化特征,丰水期相对富集,枯水期相对贫化.②店埠河流域地表水和地下水均为弱碱性水,地表水中各离子浓度明显小于地下水,地表水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,地下水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,水体中的优势阴离子均为HCO₃^-.地表水的水化学类型以HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca型水为主,地下水以HCO₃-Na·Ca型水为主.③地表水和地下水主要水化学指标浓度具有一定的时空差异性.从丰水期到枯水期,地表水中TDS、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度整体呈现上升趋势.地下水中Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度整体变化不大,略有增加趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度整体呈上升趋势.从上游到下游,地表水中主要水化学指标浓度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,NO₃^-浓度增幅最大.地下水在径流方向上主要水化学指标浓度整体变化不大,但呈现出排泄区大于补给区的规律.④水体水化学特征的形成主要受水-岩作用控制,同时还受到人为因素影响.水-岩作用主要为硅酸盐岩、盐岩和碳酸盐岩等矿物的风化溶解.污水处理厂污水、生活污水和粪肥等污染物已明显改变了局部水体的水化学特征.⑤与2016年相比,地表水中的NO₃^-浓度已有不同程度地减少,当地政府进行的氮污染控制工作已取得一定成效,但仍需在店埠河下游、部分支流（定光河和马桥河）和部分居民点加强对污水及粪肥的污染防控.     

黑岱沟露天矿区排土场2种典型植物的水分来源及利用策略

论文利用稳定性同位素示踪技术,分析排土场2种典型植物水分来源的差异及水分利用策略.结果表明,黑岱沟矿区大气降水的氢,氧同位素含量均落在中国大气降水的变化范围之内,不同月份大气降水的δD(δ¹⁸Ο)值表现出明显的降水量和季节效应.旱季小叶杨主要利用10 cm土层以下的水分,对100~150 cm土层水分利用率最高,达25.6%;沙棘对各层次土壤水分的利用比例接近,差异不明显,对表层土壤水分的利用最高,达26.5%;为了避免种间竞争,小叶杨很少利用表层(0~10 cm)土壤水分.雨季小叶杨主要利用表层和浅层土壤水分,利用比例高达70.9%,沙棘主要利用30~60 cm土层的水分,达73.5%,其次是10~30 cm土层,达17.4%.两种不同生活型植物通过不同策略合理利用旱季有限的水分,而在雨季水分供给充分时,均优先利用浅层水源,使其组成的生态系统更好地适应矿区排土场脆弱的生态环境.     

湘江流域岳麓山周边地区不同水体中氢氧稳定同位素特征及相互关系

不同水体中稳定同位素的差异性组成对认识区域水文过程,如水体的补给机制、不同水体间的相互作用具有重要意义。论文基于2010—2013年湘江流域岳麓山周边地区降水、地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O的逐日数据及相关气象资料,分析了不同水体中稳定同位素的组成,揭示了不同水稳定同位素间的相互作用关系。结果表明：地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O对日降水中δD和δ¹⁸O的响应存在时滞,地表水和浅层土壤水的滞后时间较短,地下水的滞后时间较长;在天气尺度下,降水中δD和δ¹⁸O存在很好的线性关系,二者的相关系数达0.98;地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O的线性相关系数分别为0.95、0.90和0.90,均超过0.001的信度;在δD-δ¹⁸O关系中,地表水水线（SWL）、浅层土壤水水线（SSWL）和地下水水线（GWL）的斜率及截距都小于长沙大气水线（LMWL）,表明降水是区域地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水的主要补给水源,且在补给过程中,存在一定程度的蒸发,同时与其他水体存在混合交换作用;在季节尺度下,同一水体的水线斜率与截距具有正比关系,即斜率越大,截距越大;但LMWL斜率和截距的关系存在季节和年际的差异;对比同一类水线旱雨季的斜率,仅有LMWL的斜率旱季小于雨季,反映出旱季干燥的大气条件下,降落雨滴云下二次蒸发强烈的特点。     

农业活动干扰下地下水无机碳循环过程研究

为准确识别浅层地下水污染来源及污染过程,选择我国北方某集约化蔬菜种植基地浅层地下水作为研究对象,借助水化学组成、氢氧同位素以及溶解性无机碳(DIC)碳同位素组成,探讨浅层地下水来源以及DIC来源和迁移转化特征.结果表明:浅层地下水阳离子以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-为主,沿地下水流向,水化学类型由HCO₃^?-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺型转变为HCO₃^--SO₄^2--Mg²⁺-Ca²⁺型;浅层地下水δD组成范围为-69.6‰~-52.7‰,均值为-63.5‰,δ¹⁸O组成范围为-9.29‰~-6.80‰,均值为-8.45‰.大气降水是浅层地下水重要补给来源,靠近河水的浅层地下水还接受地表水的补给;浅层地下水δ¹³C_DIC组成范围为-11.76‰~-5.85‰,均值为-10.43‰.浅层地下水DIC来源包括土壤CO₂、碳酸盐矿物以及有机质分解.河水DIC侧渗对局部浅层地下水DIC碳同位素造成影响,化学肥料引起的酸性物质参与碳酸盐矿物风化作用以及浅层地下水CO₂去气作用对地下水δ¹³C_DIC组成产生影响,在利用DIC碳同位素识别地下水污染来源时需要引起重视.     

Trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a tidal freshwater marsh

The John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) at Tinicum Marsh contains one of the last remaining tidal freshwater marsh communities along the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River Estuary. The marsh receives a significant load of nutrients and sediment-associated contaminants and is hypothesised to act as an effective trap for these chemicals. The goal of this study was to quantify the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at various trophic levels at two sites within Tinicum Marsh and assess the factors important in determining their bioaccumulation and trophic transfer. For both PCBs and PBDEs, lipid variation for all species was a large factor in determining contaminant body burden. Also, concentrations in biota increased with increasing trophic level as determined by nitrogen isotope analysis (δ¹⁵N values) at the downstream site within Tinicum Marsh. This trend was less apparent at the upstream site and may be due to differences in feeding behaviours among species between the two sites and/or differences in carbon and nitrogen sources and recycling. These data are valuable in assisting bioaccumulation/trophic transfer studies and serve as benchmarks to which future PCB and PBDE concentrations will be compared.     

Changes in nutrient content and stable isotope ratios of C and N during decomposition of seagrasses and mangrove leaves along a nutrient availability gradient in Florida Bay,USA

The decomposition of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle and the seagrass Thalassia testudinum was examined using litterbags along a natural gradient in nutrient availability. Seagrass leaves had a higher fraction of their biomass in the labile pool (57%), compared to mangrove leaves (36%) and seagrass rhizomes (29%); the overall decomposition rates of the starting material reflected the fractionation into labile and refractory components. There was no relationship between the N or P content of the starting material and the decomposition rate.

Nutrient availability had no influence on decomposition rate, and mass was lost at the same rate from litterbags that were buried in the sediment and litterbags that were left on the sediment surface. The dynamics of N and P content during decomposition varied as a function of starting material and burial state. N content of decomposing mangrove leaves increased, but seagrass rhizomes decreased in N content during decomposition while there was no change in seagrass leaf N content. These same general patterns held for P content, but buried seagrass leaves increased in P content while surficial leaves decreased. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N changed by as much as 2‰ during decomposition.     

硫氧同位素解析典型岩溶地下河流域硫酸盐季节变化特征和来源

全球约1/4的饮用水源为岩溶水,但岩溶含水层极易遭受人类活动污染.以八步地下河为例,利用硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）浓度、硫氧同位素（δ³⁴S-SO₄和δ¹⁸O-SO₄）和水中氧同位素（δ¹⁸O-H₂O）研究岩溶小流域SO₄^2-的丰、枯水期两个季节变化特征和来源.结果表明：①受酸性矿坑水（acid mine drainage,AMD）直接影响的采样点SO₄^2-浓度较高（≥250 mg·L^-1）,枯水期>丰水期,其他采样点浓度季节变化相对较弱且浓度低.②地表水丰水期δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄平均值分别为-10.5‰和4.7‰,枯水期为-11.5‰和1.3‰;地下水丰水期δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄平均值分别为-2.9‰和7.1‰,枯水期为-3.2‰和6.2‰.地表水和地下水中δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄值都存在丰水期偏重、枯水期偏轻的特征.③丰、枯水期流域内地表水和地下水中各采样点δ³⁴S-SO₄值变化不明显,表明在特定的采样点SO₄^2-的来源相对稳定.④地表水和地下水中SO₄^2-主要来源于雨水、硫化物和石膏,地下河出口各来源丰水期所占的比例分别为13%、40%和47%,枯水期为18%、39%和43%.     

Geological emission of methane from the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China

A static flux chamber method was applied to study natural emissions of methane into the atmosphere in the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China. Using an online method, which couples a gas chromatography/high-temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/MS) together, the 13C/12C ratios of methane in the flux chambers were measured. The results demonstrated that methane gases were liable to migrate from deep oil/gas reservoir to the surface through microseepage and p...     

Analyzing and quantitatively evaluating the organic matter source at different ecologic zones of tidal salt marsh,North Jiangsu Province, China

In order to explore the effect of different ecological zones and their above plants in the organic matter cycling of the whole tidal salt marsh, indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of surface, core sediments, and plants of tidal salt marshes in North Jiangsu Province are analyzed. Subsequently, distribution regularities of these measurement indicators are discussed, and the biogeochemistry processes between sediments and plants are also analyzed. Lastly, the organic matter sources of different ecologic zones in tidal salt marsh are evaluated, and the organic matter accumulations in different ecologic zones induced by their plants are also compared. These results indicate that TOC, TN, C/N ratio and δ¹³C showed obvious zonal distribution. The organic matter sources are dominated by marine input in the silt flat, artemisia schrenkiana flat, and the transition zone between silt and spartina alterniflora flat, and are controlled by terrigenous input in spartina alterniflora flat. Spartina alterniflora plays an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. In the study area, the annually increased TOC, organic matter and TN in the spartina alterniflora, artemisia schrenkiana and reed flats reach 6,451, 12,043 and 536 t, respectively. The amount of TOC, organic matter and TN accumulated in the spartina alterniflora flat is more than that in other ecological zones, which shows that the spartina alterniflora flat exert a non-replaceable effect on the material cycle and exchange in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 51–56 [译自: 环境科学]