Study on sulfur migration in activated carbon adsorption-desorption cycle: Effect of alkali/alkaline earth metals

Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used in the removal of SO₂ from flue gas owing to its well-developed pore structure and abundant functional groups. Herein, the effect of alkali/alkaline earth metals on sulfur migration was investigated based on the dynamic adsorption and temperature programmed desorption experiment. The adsorption and desorption properties of six types of AC (three commercial and three laboratory-made) were carried out on a fixed-bed experimental device, and the physical and chemical properties of samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The experimental results showed that the adsorbed SO₂ cannot be completely desorbed by increasing the regeneration temperature (350 – 850°C), while the SO₂ fixed in the AC combines with the Ca-based minerals in the ash to form a stable sulfate. For different samples, higher ash content, higher CaO content in the ash and a more developed pore structure lead to a higher SO₂ fixation rate. Moreover, the multiple adsorption-desorption cycles experiment showed that the effect of SO₂ fixation is mainly reflected in the first cycle, after which the adsorption and desorption amount are approximately the same. This study elucidates the effect of alkali/alkaline earth metals on the adsorption-desorption cycle of AC, which provides a deeper understanding of sulfur migration in the AC flue gas desulfurization process.     

离子型稀土尾矿残留铵缓释性分析

为探究尾矿残留NH₄⁺的缓释性,以江西信丰离子型稀土矿为研究对象,柱浸制备浸出尾矿,去离子水淋洗尾矿.按照淋洗→封存→再淋洗的步骤,考察了淋洗尾矿不同含水率（1.3%,15%,35%,250%）,不同封存时间（15,30,60,120,180,195,210,240d）和不同传质机制（对流、扩散）下NH₄⁺的淋出量.结果表明：尾矿再淋洗仍能淋出NH₄⁺,NH₄⁺淋出量受含水率、封存时间和传质方式影响;含水率≥15%时,NH₄⁺淋出量整体随时间推移而递增;同时间下,NH₄⁺淋出量整体随含水率增大而增大;其他条件相同时,对流传质下NH₄⁺淋出量大于扩散.尾矿再次淋出的NH₄⁺是可交换态NH₄⁺向水溶态NH₄⁺转化的结果.     

钐对小鼠睾丸组织超微结构的影响

为评价稀土元素钐对雄性小鼠睾丸组织结构的影响,将小鼠分组,并饮用含硝酸钐0、5、50、500、2000mg/L的蒸馏水,90d后处死,称量体重和睾丸重量,制备光镜和电镜切片.结果表明,与对照组相比,2000mg/L剂量组的小鼠睾丸脏器系数显著降低;光镜观察显示高剂量组的小鼠睾丸曲细精管萎缩、变性,结构紊乱,生精细胞明显减少;电镜观察显示高剂量的钐可致曲细精管管膜萎缩,各级生精细胞均受到不同程度的损伤,线粒体普遍出现肿胀、空泡化现象,核膜模糊或缺失,染色质边集.提示500,2000mg/L剂量下的钐暴露对小鼠的睾丸组织具有一定的损伤效应.     

汽车排气净化催化剂综合性能的研究

对HR-1型稀土复合氧化物催化剂进行了活性评价,实验结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的温度和空速特性,耐高温性能好;经60000km行车使用后,催化剂仍保持良好的活性;对行车后的催化剂进行了综合分析,说明HR-1型催化剂在一定程度上能够经受燃油带入的铅、磷、锌等物质的侵袭;高温热冲击所造成的催化剂比表面的减少乃是催化剂性能降低的主要原因.     

稀土荧光粉回收利用技术研究现状与发展趋势

中国是稀土资源最为丰富的国家之一,但随着稀土消费需求的增加、大量廉价出口和长期掠夺式开采等因素的影响,近年来中国的稀土储量锐减.因此,迫切需要对废旧稀土产品进行高效回收再利用.综述了直接萃取、CO2超临界萃取分离、离心分离、浮选分离、湿法浸取分离这几种主要的稀土荧光粉回收利用技术的研究现状,并对不同方法的优缺点进行了比较,最后指出了未来的发展方向.     

Removal of 2, 4‐D from aqueous solution by the adsorbents from spent bleaching earth

Abstract

The removal of 2, 4‐D (2, 4‐ dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) from aqueous solutions by activated spent bleaching earths (SBE) was studied at 20 °C. Experiments were performed as a function of time, initial concentration, dose and particle size of the adsorbent. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations were fitted by the adsorption data obtained. The values of Langmuir and Freundlich constants were determined. The adsorption kinetic was found to follow Lagergren equation. Both the boundary layer and intraparticle diffusion played important roles in the adsorption rate of 2, 4‐D. As the size of the adsorbent increased, the time to reach equilibrium increased but adsorption capacity decreased.     

Reuse of spent bleaching earth by polymerisation of residual organics

Spent bleaching earth (SBE) is a waste generated by the edible oil industry that currently has limited options for beneficial reuse. In excess of ～2 million tonnes per year of SBE is generated world-wide with major quantities available in the middle-east where significant volumes of edible oils are produced. Low pressure compaction followed by heat treatment at 150 °C causes polymerisation of the residual organic components in SBE and this produces monolithic samples with high unconfined compressive strengths (54 MPa). SBE can therefore be used to manufacture novel clay blocks for use in construction that are bonded by polymerised vegetable oil. This represents a new, innovative and resource efficient application for SBE. In this research, commercial SBE has been characterised and the effects of key processing variables (temperature and compaction pressure) on the compressive strength, porosity and density of the SBE clay blocks are reported and the mechanisms responsible for strength development are discussed.     

土坝漫坝模糊风险分析

对土坝枢纽的事故风险进行识别、对各种失事形式的影响因素的不确定性,特别是模糊不确定性进行分析;考虑设计变量取值的模糊性与大坝失效准则的模糊性,建立了在洪水和风浪共同作用下的漫坝模糊风险模型;然后研究该漫坝模糊风险模型的求解方法,即引入α水平截集的概念,经过模糊化处理后用常规的JC法计算漫坝模糊失事概率.最后,对广西澄碧河水库的漫坝模糊风险进行了实例计算和评价.计算结果表明,随着防洪限制水位的提高,漫坝模糊风险也随之增大,当防洪限制水位从185.00m提高到186.90 m时,该大坝的模糊风险期望值在不考虑防浪墙的作用时为6.03×10-5,在考虑防浪墙作用时为2.698×10-5,均小于其容许风险标准7.12×10-5.据此,可将该水库的风险水位提高1.9 m,从而增加兴利库容76.00×106 m3.考虑漫坝风险的模糊性使失事风险的计算结果更加合理,风险评价更加符合工程实际,将模糊参数进行模糊化处理后,可直接采用现有传统风险计算方法计算失事概率.本文方法便于在工程中推广应用.     

沉淀浮选法回收废液中稀土的实验研究

依据沉淀浮选法的基本原理,提出了从废酸中回收RE_2O_3的方法.用Na_2SO_4作沉淀剂,与RE~(3+)形成溶解度小的RE_2(SO_4)_3·xNa_2SO_4·yH_2O复盐;用月桂胺作捕收剂浮选回收,RE_2O_3的回收率达98％以上。用(NH_4)_2SO_4作沉淀剂分离废酸中的Ca~(2+),去除率达99％,从而使浓度为2mol/L的HCl废酸能循环使用。     

Freshwater Ulva (Chlorophyta) as a bioaccumulator of selected heavy metals (Cd, Ni and Pb) and alkaline earth metals (Ca and Mg)

We analyzed the ability of freshwater taxa of the genus Ulva (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) to serve as bioindicators of metal in lakes and rivers. Changes in heavy metal (Ni, Cd and Pb) and alkaline earth metal (Ca and Mg) concentrations in freshwater Ulva thalli were investigated during the period from June to August 2010. The study was conducted in two ecosystems in Western Poland, the Malta lake (10 sites) and the Nielba river (six sites). Three components were collected for each sample, including water, sediment and Ulva thalli. The average concentrations of metals in the water sample and in the macroalgae decreased in the following order: Ca > Mg > Ni > Pb > Cd. The sediment revealed a slightly altered order: Ca > Mg > Pb > Ni > Cd. Ca and Mg were found at the highest concentrations in thalli due to the presence of carbonate on its surface. Among the examined heavy metals in thalli, Ni was in the highest concentration, and Cd found in the lowest concentration. There were statistically significant correlations between the levels of metals in macroalgae, water and sediment. Freshwater populations of Ulva exhibited a greater efficiency to bioaccumulate nickel as compared to species derived from marine ecosystems.