Concentrations and modes of occurrence of trace elements in the Late Permian coals from the Puan Coalfield, southwestern Guizhou, China

The concentration, mode of occurrence, and origin of trace elements in the Late Permian coals from the Puan Coalfield, southwestern Guizhou, China, were examined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS), ion-selective electrode method (ISE), sequential chemical extraction procedure (SCEP), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and optical microscope. Results show that minerals in the No. 2 Coal from the Puan Coalfield were mainly made up of epigenetic pyrite of low-temperature hydrothermal fluid origin and kaolinite of detrital terrigenous origin. Elements including As (36.9 μg/g), Cd (10.2 μg/g), Cr (167.3 μg/g), Cu (365.4 μg/g), Hg (2.82 μg/g), Mo (92.6 μg/g), Ni (82.6 μg/g), Pb (184.6 μg/g), Se (6.23 μg/g), Zn (242.3 μg/g), and U (132.7 μg/g) are significantly enriched in the No. 2 Coal from the Puan Coalfield. However, concentrations of trace elements in the other four coals, the No. 1, No. 8, No. 11, and No. 18 Coals, were close to the usual ranges found for Guizhou of China, China, and USA. Results of SEM-EDX and SCEP showed that As, Cd, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn occur mainly in veined pyrite, while Cr, Cu, and U distribute mainly in kaolinite, indicating that the low-temperature hydrothermal fluid and detrital materials of terrigenous origin are the main contributors to the enrichment of these trace elements in the No. 2 Coal.     

稀土催化双氧水氧化耦合处理染料中间体废水研究(I)

探讨了稀土配合双氧水处理蒽醌类染料废水时的影响因素与具体工艺参数。实验结果表明，在有稀土的双氧水处理体系中，底物的氧化与新生态有机物的耦合是共存的；过氧化氢与稀土的最佳加入量因废水的初始浓度而定，反应温度在为60℃，HRT为75min。在相同的条件下，同Fenton试剂相比，该法氧化剂需要量少，经济高效。     

渤海西岸微量元素表生地球化学特征

本文讨论了有关:1)痕量元素地球化学背景值;2)痕量元素地球化学表征;及3)我国某些地区若干痕量元素的背景值。     

γ-Al2O3酸性修饰稀土尾矿NH3-SCR脱硝性能

为增加脱硝催化剂的酸性位点和比表面积,以稀土尾矿为活性主体,通过物理球磨方式添加γ-Al₂O₃,制得NH₃-SCR催化剂,脱硝温度为100~400℃.结果表明：原尾矿脱硝活性为7.6%,γ-Al₂O₃的脱硝活性为9.4%,稀土尾矿添加50%γ-Al₂O₃脱硝活性达到了64.8%,即添50%γ-Al₂O₃后加极大程度地提高了尾矿的脱硝活性.XRD实验结果表明：Al₂O₃不会与尾矿成分发生反应生成新的物质.SEM实验结果表明：当添加γ-Al₂O₃低于50%时,γ-Al₂O₃均匀分散在尾矿表面,当添加65%γ-Al₂O₃和80%γ-Al₂O₃时,γ-Al₂O₃发生团聚,分散性较差.NH₃-TPD实验结果表明：添加γ-Al₂O₃为脱硝催化剂增加酸性位点,但是当添加γ-Al₂O₃过低时（15%、35%）,吸附NH₃量不足,催化反应进行不完全.BET实验结果表面：添加γ-Al₂O₃可以增加尾矿的比表面积.     

阜新市秋冬季节PM2.5中无机元素污染特征及来源

为研究阜新市秋冬交替期间大气PM_2.5无机元素污染特征及来源,于2017年10月、12月对城区4个点位采集样品,利用ICP-MS、AFS-8900、ICP-AES测定18种元素含量,结合气象参数,分析秋、冬两季PM_2.5污染特征,运用富集因子法（EF）、主成分分析法（PCA）及聚类分析法解析PM_2.5元素污染特征及来源.结果表明,阜新城区冬季PM_2.5质量浓度（56.5μg/m³）是秋季的1.5倍,秋、冬两季PM_2.5平均质量浓度为47.5μg/m³;冬季PM_2.5与SO₂、NO₂的同源性表现强于秋季;冬季PM_2.5中V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cd、Hg、Mg、Ti 12种典型人为源标识性元素总质量百分比（8.78%）是秋季的1.45倍,表明城区冬季PM_2.5显著受到人为活动影响.富集因子分析显示EF值大于100的元素为Cd、Hg、Zn,冬季EF（Cd）高达532.34,可能与城南3km公里处露天矿坑大量残煤自燃排烟有关;冬季EF（Cr）比秋天增高了7.9倍.源解析结果表明,燃煤与工业烟尘、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧及土壤风沙扬尘是阜新PM_2.5无机元素的主要来源.秋季表现出明显的来源复合性,第一主因子解释了变量总方差的77.013%,聚类分析第1类包含了Cd、Hg、Mn、Ni、As、V、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ti和Mg 12种元素;冬季则表现出明显的来源广泛性,表明冬季PM_2.5来源相对复杂,应强化冬季PM_2.5污染综合防治与管控.     

Trace elements and stable sulfur isotopes in plants of acid mine drainage area: Implications for revegetation of degraded land

The abundances of trace elements, a low pH of water and soil in areas impacted by the acid mine drainage (AMD) may cause an excessive uptake of potentially toxic elements and nutritional imbalances in plants. Metal-tolerant, native plants are used for revegetation of degraded mining areas. We established levels of selected trace elements and stable sulfur isotopes in the above-ground plant biomass collected in a mining area in south-central Poland. In 2016, 20 samples of the most common species were collected from sites with a different influence of acid mine drainage and analyzed for trace elements by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. On the basis of the results obtained in 2016, the most contaminated site was selected for a more detailed study, in which sulfur contents and stable sulfur isotope ratios were determined together with trace elements in 17 samples. The results confirmed that the plants native to the AMD area efficiently accumulated trace elements, especially As and rare earth elements. Mosses showed the highest content of trace elements, but exhibited the lowest concentrations of sulfur accompanied by the highest δ³⁴S values. It has been shown for the first time that stable sulfur isotope composition of AMD plants in south-central Poland is significantly depleted in the ³⁴S isotope showing an average δ³⁴S value of –10.5‰ in comparison with positive δ³⁴S values in local vegetation growing outside the AMD area and in local precipitation.     

Distribution of rare earth elements in PM10 emitted from burning coals and soil-mixed coal briquettes

Emission from burning coals is one of the major sources of the airborne particles in China. We carried out a study on the rare earth elements (REEs) in the inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀) emitted from burning coals and soil-coal honeycomb briquettes with different volatile contents and ash yields in a combustion-dilution system. Gravimetric analysis indicates that the equivalent mass concentration of the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals is higher than that emitted from burning the briquettes. The ICP-MS analysis indicates that the contents of total REEs in the coal-burning PM₁₀ are lower than those in the briquette-burning PM₁₀. In addition, the contents of the light rare earth elements (LREEs) are higher than those of the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, demonstrating that the REEs in both the coal-burning and briquette-burning PM₁₀ are dominated by LREEs. The higher contents of total REEs and LREEs in the coal-burning PM₁₀ are associated with the higher ash yields and lower volatile contents in the raw coals. A comparative analysis indicates that the La/Sm ratios in the PM₁₀ emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, being lower than 2, are lower than those in the particles from gasoline-powered vehicle emission.     

中美土壤元素背景值调查研究中数理统计方法运用及影响

土壤元素背景值是统计性的范围值,是评价土壤环境质量和制定土壤环境质量标准的重要参考依据,其因土壤母质、成因以及各种地球化学作用的影响而不同.通过分析20世纪60年代至90年代中美土壤元素背景值调查研究中数理统计方法的运用,发现当时受国内外学者对土壤元素含量及统计分析方法认识的局限,中美在土壤元素背景值研究中存在一些偏态分布被当作正态分布、对称剔除偏态分布的异常值和用平均值计算偏态分布背景值等问题,可能导致所得土壤元素背景值不能很好地代表区域背景情况.2007-2013年美国再次开展全国土壤调查和土壤元素背景值研究,对数理统计方法做出了改进和优化,主要包括:①用箱式图法分析距离中间50%数值较远的异常值;②针对对数分布形态也进行了分析;③用中位数和绝对中位偏差计算偏态分布的土壤元素背景值.在研究方法有了新的认识和发展的今天,建议中国优化土壤元素背景值数理统计研究方法,再次开展全国土壤元素背景含量调查工作,并从以下两个方面加以改进:①采用箱式图剔除异常值;②针对不同的频数分布形态计算相应的统计量作为土壤元素背景值.      

Residual effects of tobacco biochar along with different fixing agents on stabilization of trace elements in multi-metal contaminated soils

The residual effect of tobacco biochar(TB ≥ 500°C) mono and co-application with Cahydroxide(CH),Ca-bentonite(CB) and natural zeolite(NZ) on the bio-availability of trace elements TE(s) in alkaline soils has not been deeply studied yet.A pot study that had earlier been investigated TB mono and blended with CH,CB and NZ on the immobilization of Pb,Cu Cd,and Zn by Chinese cabbage.Maize crop in the rotation was selected as test plant to assess the residual impact of amendments on stabilization of Pb,Cu Cd,and Zn in mine polluted(M-P),smelter heavily and low polluted(S-HP and S-LP,respectively) soils.The obtained results showed that stabilization of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn reached 63.84% with TB + CB,61.19% with TB + CH,83.31% with TB + CH and 35.27% with TB + CH for M-P soil,36.46% with TB + NZ,38.46% with TB + NZ,19.40% with TB + CH and 62.43% with TB + CH for S-LP soil,52.94% TB + NZ,57.65% with TB + NZ,52.94% with TB + NZ,and 28.44% with TB + CH for S-LP soil.Conversely,TB + CH and TB alone had mobilized Pb and Zn up to19.29% and 34.96% in M-P soil.The mobility of Zn reached 8.38% with TB + CB and 66.03%with TB for S-HP and S-LP soils.The uptake and accumulation of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn in shoot and root were reduced in three polluted soils.Overall,the combination of TB along with CH,CB and NZ has been proven to be effective in Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn polluted mine/smelter soils restoration.     

汾渭平原空气质量的时空特征及其与气象因子的关系

汾渭平原是继京津冀和长三角之后环境污染治理的第三大重点区域,为发挥协同作用改善区域大气质量提供更为科学客观的依据,基于2014—2019年汾渭平原11个重点城市的空气质量监测资料和气象数据,利用统计方法分别从空间和时间尺度上揭示了汾渭平原空气质量指数以及主要污染物特征,及其与气象因子的关系.结果表明：11个城市中有7个城市的年均AQI指数100以上,重度以上天数占6%,重污染聚集区主要集中在关中中东部.从时间尺度看,AQI的年际波动明显且在2017年之后略有改善,冬春季特别是1月污染最为严重且呈现出明显的周末效应.首要污染物的季节差异较大,冬季以PM_2.5和PM₁₀为主,而夏季则主要以O₃为主,春秋季则分别以PM₁₀和PM_2.5为主.从气象影响因子看,年尺度上气压、降水、平均气温以及混合层高度除与O₃为正相关外与其它污染物均为显著的负相关,且呈现出明显的季节差异.而降水无论年尺度还是季节尺度上均对空气质量有利,特别是中雨量级以上的降水过程对颗粒物和O₃污染的改善作用明显.