基于生态足迹法的建设项目生态承载力分析研究——以苏州东太湖滨湖新城为例

采用生态足迹模型,以苏州东太湖滨湖新城为例,分析《苏州东太湖滨湖新城规划》零规划期地区生态承载力的赤字盈余情况,是否在区域环境承载力允许范围内;规划实施后的生态承载力的进一步变化情况及原因。研究表明:(1)零规划期(2012年),苏州东太湖滨湖新城的生态需求是生态供给的63倍,已经远远超出地区生态承载力的范围;(2)未来《苏州东太湖滨湖新城规划》实施后,土地利用格局的改变,尤其是耕地的大面积减少,区域生态承载力降低了7 733.816 hm2。建议苏州东太湖滨湖新城开发尽量减少对生产力能力较高的土地占用,同时充分利用已有的天然屏障进行团块分割,同时也要对原有乡镇工业进行整治,通过功能置换实现资源节约利用和对乡镇经济的保护。     

基于环境背景值的重金属污染地块划定——以浙东沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤为例

通过对浙江东部沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤的调查与分析,评价了其土壤重金属的污染程度。结果表明,与土壤环境背景值相比,研究区土壤污染较为严重,Cd、Cu中等程度以上污染土壤均在50%以上。在此基础上,重点对重金属污染土壤的划定进行了探讨,提出了适合土地质量差别化管护的污染土壤表达方法。     

中国东部海域发生海啸的可能性分析

由强地震引发的印度洋大海啸在短短几个小时内就演变成了一场巨大的人间惨剧。这样的2004年12月26日自然灾害,人类能不能预防?它的形成机制是什么?我国历史上发生过海啸吗?在未来我国哪些地区会发生海啸?就上述问题,作了可能性分析。印度洋海啸的发生可以说既是天灾,也是人祸。人类虽说还不能控制地震、海啸等天灾的发生,但可以通过预报等措施来减轻它们造成的损失。我国历史时期曾发生过多次海啸,台湾周围海域是海啸的高发区域,其次是大陆架区域,渤海是低发区域。在未来,东海、南海,特别是台湾岛附近海域具备产生海啸的条件,即海南、台湾存在成灾条件;其次是上海,广州,也存在潜在的海啸危险;沿海其它城市亦应居安思危。     

藏东南湿地保护与开发利用

分析了藏东南湿地的生态地位和现阶段藏东南湿地资源保护开发中的主要问题,提出藏东南湿地可持续开发利用的方法：以生态学原理为指导,走生态畜牧业和旅游业的发展之路,切实提高高原湿地农牧民的经济收入,从经济方面减轻人为不合理因素对湿地的负作用;统筹规划,发展高原特色的湿地生态旅游业,使藏东南湿地在保护和合理开发中健康发展。     

东部平原城市水污染现状及河网结构对水污染影响

以我国经济发达、城市化较高的东部平原地区城市河网水污染现状为例,结合东部平原地区河网的自然结构特征,从水动力学角度研究平原河网结构改变对地表水污染的影响,探讨我国东部平原地区城市河网水污染水动学机理,为采取有效的治理技术手段提供理论基础。     

阜新市高德东山矿山废弃地规划方案

通过对阜新市高德东山矿山废弃地的总体规划,使矿区废弃的矸石山得以综合利用。在保证矿山地质环境安全的前提下,根据矸石废弃地的立地条件及历史文化特征,本着变废为宝、以人为本和科学布局相结合的规划原则,通过道路、景观、建筑、绿地等各方面的布置把项目区规划为一处集矿山生态修复、矿山废弃地改造、教育娱乐等功能为一体的矿山公园。这种"变废为宝"和可持续利用的设计理念缓解了人地矛盾,修复了生态环境,争取了社会经济发展空间,满足了场地功能多样性,具有一定的现实意义。     

Hydrological Responses to Climate and Land‐Use Changes along the North American East Coast: A 110‐Year Historical Reconstruction

The North American east coast (NAEC) region experienced significant climate and land‐use changes in the past century. To explore how these changes have affected land water cycling, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM 2.0) was used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of runoff and river discharge during 1901‐2010 in the study area. Annual runoff over the NAEC was 420 ± 61 mm/yr (average ± standard deviation). Runoff increased in parts of the northern NAEC but decreased in some areas of the southern NAEC. Annual freshwater discharge from the study area was 378 ± 61 km³/yr (average ± standard deviation). Factorial simulation experiments suggested that climate change and variability explained 97.5% of the interannual variability of runoff and also resulted in the opposite changes in runoff in northern and southern regions of the NAEC. Land‐use change reduced runoff by 5‐22 mm/yr from 1931 to 2010, but the impacts were divergent over the Piedmont region and Coastal Plain areas of the southern NAEC. Land‐use change impacts were more significant at local and watershed spatial scales rather than at regional scales. Different responses of runoff to changing climate and land‐use should be noted in future water resource management. Hydrological impacts of afforestation and deforestation as well as urbanization should also be noted by land‐use policy makers.     

Mapping non-conventional atmospheric drinking-water harvesting opportunities in Central Eurasia: The case of Kazakhstan

Drinking water scarcity is becoming an urgent problem worldwide, and it affects developing and developed countries alike. Kazakhstan is not an exception and has its primary sources of drinking water (groundwater, rivers, and lakes) continuously depleted and polluted; moreover, the country will be close to its exploitation limits within the following decades. However, modern technologies allow us to harvest drinking water from unintegrated sources, like the atmosphere. Therefore, it is crucial to research which non-conventional technologies can be used to obtain drinking water from unintegrated sources for the country, considering the cost, viability of use through the year, and local climate conditions. Thus, the present assessment was performed for the 14 demographic regions in Kazakhstan and two city-states, and a map depicting the most feasible technology for each region is presented, including their levelized cost per liter. Seven mature technologies were found to be feasible in Kazakhstani year-round climates. However, Air AW₃ technology and Artificial Glaciers (AG) were the most cost-effective for family-size and village-size solutions, respectively. The water provided via utility pipelines proved to be the most cost-effective manner, when available, to supply drinking water at a family-size scale, but found a less expensive competitor in the AG technology for village-size solutions. Moreover, the lack of utility water pipelines in some Kazakhstani regions, principally countryside rural areas, makes it vital to deploy and implement these alternative water-harvesting technologies to guarantee the future water security of these regions.     

东北区夏季低温冷害的长期预报

利用东北区三大站(沈阳、长春、哈尔滨)50年(1951-2000年)夏季平均气温、前冬和夏季500hPa高度场、距平场及副高面积指数和海温场资料,对东北夏季低温冷害的环流特征进行了分析,建立了东北区夏季低温冷害预报模式;用春季高度距平平均场建立了夏季低温冷害天气预报模型。结果表明,东北区低温冷害与冬季副高面积指数及500 hPa乌拉尔山附近的高度值呈正相关,与冬季西风漂流区附近(40°~45°N,160°~150°N)海温场呈反相关;所建方程及模式预报拟合率和预报准确率都比较高,且可提前3个月左右进行预报。     

景观生态学方法在规划环境影响评价中的应用 ——以大连森林公园东区规划环境影响评价为例

在综合考虑各种社会经济影响因素的基础上,从景观格局、景观功能、景观受胁迫性等3方面构建评价指标体系,并据此开展规划实施的景观生态影响综合评价.利用计算机模型模拟各种规划替代方案的景观格局动态,并通过分析景观格局指数的变化实现对规划替代方案的比选,建立起规划环评中景观生态学方法应用的技术框架,进而应用于大连森林公园东区建设规划环境影响评价.研究结果表明,规划的实施有利于区域景观格局和功能的改善,但会导致人类对景观干扰和胁迫加重.采用以旅游经济为主导型方案(替代方案1),景观破碎化趋势明显;以生态优先主导型方案(替代方案2),景观向整合集约化趋势发展.