江苏海岸带土壤重金属来源解析及空间分布

以江苏省响水如东段海岸带为研究区,系统采集了239个表层土壤样品,分析测试了Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属元素,综合运用多元统计和地统计方法,探讨了研究区土壤重金属的主要来源,绘制了重金属的空间分布图.结果表明:(1)江苏响水如东段海岸带土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为0.14、64.23、24.15、0.026、29.16、22.24和77.94 mg·kg~(-1),Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn存在较为明显的富集,Cr和Ni的平均值低于江苏滨海土壤背景值.(2)Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn在海积物母质发育土壤中的含量显著低于河流冲积物、潟湖相沉积物和三角洲沉积物母质;Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn在城镇建设用地的平均含量显著高于其他地类.(3)Cr和Ni为自然来源元素,受到成土母质的控制;Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn受到成土母质和人类活动的共同影响,人为源主要包括工业、交通排放和农业活动;Hg为人为来源,受到人为排放的大气沉降的影响.(4)Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的高值区分布在研究区的北部、南部和西部,Hg的高值区分布在研究区的西部和南部的城镇密集区.     

Monitoring the effectiveness of the European tributyltin regulation on the Basque coast (northern Spain) by assessing imposex in two gastropod species (Nassarius reticulatus and Nassarius nitidus)

Imposex and butyltin body burden were assessed in 2011 along the Basque coast (northern Spain) in two gastropod species (Nassarius reticulatus and Nassarius nitidus) four years after an initial survey in 2007. The aim of this re-survey was to monitor the effectiveness of the European ban on the use of tributyltin (TBT) based antifouling paints on ships’ hulls (EC 782/2003). Imposex levels in 2011 were lower than those determined in 2007 at most of the sampling sites. Accordingly, TBT concentrations in the female body burden of Nassarius reticulatus varied from 43 to 250 ng Sn/g in dry weight in 2011, which was a lower maximum than in 2007. Nevertheless, the results for the butyltin degradation index suggest that there have been recent inputs of TBT within the two main Basque harbours. Overall, the legislative measure is contributing to the reduction of TBT effects on the Basque coast although its presence is still evident.     

哈萨克斯坦东部土壤元素组成及其空间影响因素分析

本文对哈萨克斯坦东部地区地表82个采样点土壤样品进行经典统计学及地统计分析,探讨了表层土壤元素组成特征及其空间影响因素。首先对土壤元素含量平均值、变异系数等特征进行了计算,比较了土壤元素含量特征。哈萨克斯坦东部地区表层土壤样品中Co、Be、K、Mg、Na、Ca、Zn等元素的含量偏高,而Al、Fe等其余元素含量偏低。使用SPSS 20.0对元素含量进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析可将20种元素分成2大类,每一类又分为两组。第一大类为Ca、Sr、K、Na、Be、Ba,为表生环境下活泼性较强的元素,其中Ca、Sr为一组,K、Na、Be、Ba 为一组。另外一类为Pb、Zn、P、Fe、V、Al、Co、Ti、Mn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Li、Mg,为活动性相对较差的元素,其中Pb、Zn、P为一组,其他元素为另一组。在此基础之上,采用地统计学方法对这些土壤元素的空间格局及其影响因素进行了研究,并计算了分维数,其大小依次为：Zn>Al>Mg>Li>Be>Ca>P> Pb>Sr>Na>Ti>Co>Cr>Cu(Fe)>Ni>V>Mn>K。Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Mn、Ni、Ti、V在采样尺度下均具有空间相关性,相关程度中等或较强,虽然受到一些随机因素的影响（如区域人类活动等）,但其结构特征并未被破坏。Pb、P空间结构特征不明显,Zn已无空间结构特征,该类元素受到一定程度的人为污染影响,随机因素特别是人为因素如耕作、采矿等方面对其空间分布特征造成破坏。而Al、Li、Na、Be、Mg这些元素在研究尺度上空间结构性差或不存在,影响因素复杂。活动性元素Ca在一个相对较小的范围内存在相关关系,Sr空间相关性较差。最后通过对该区重金属污染状况进行初步评价,发现Zn污染程度为轻度-偏重污染。     

1960～2012年中国东南沿海地区降水变化特征及重涝灾害趋势判断

基于东南沿海地区46个气象站点逐年实测降水数据,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall检验法、Z指数法等气候诊断方法分析了1960~2012年东南沿海降水量时空变化特征,利用可公度、蝴蝶结构图和可公度结构系等灾害时间对称性方法,对重涝灾害未来趋势进行判断。结果表明:1)1960~2012年东南沿海地区降水整体呈增加趋势,增加速率为1.91mm/a;2)在空间变化上,降水量高值区域,降水呈现下降趋势,而降水量低值区域,降水则呈现上升趋势;降水呈下降趋势的区域集中在降水高值区,由南向北降水呈下降趋势站点逐渐减少,区域洪涝灾害风险逐渐增大;3)东南沿海旱涝变化具有明显的年际变化趋势,主要表现为20世纪60~70年代整体偏旱,80~90年代涝灾逐年增多,2000年后旱涝灾害频发,形成"重旱-重涝并重"的格局;4)东南沿海地区重涝时间序列具有明显的时间对称结构,经可公度、蝴蝶结构图和可公度结构系三种方法综合判断,2016年重涝信号较强,有可能发生较严重的涝灾,需要相关部门予以重视,完善区域自然灾害防御应急体系。     

Discriminating zooplankton assemblages through multivariate methods: A case for a tropical polluted harbour and Bar-built estuary

A comparative study (June-July 2001) on zooplankton community structure amid polluted conditions in a stagnant harbour and relatively unaffected tidal estuary near Visakhapatnam, on the east coast of India, revealed a marked disparity in species composition and abundance. While the harbour supported a rich population of calanoids (46.4%), the estuary sustained mostly cyclopoids (55.2%). Univariate and multivariate techniques (species diversity, clustering, non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and one-way ANOSIM) revealed the existence of two differing zooplankton assemblages and associated water quality (similarity 50.6%). While the estuary is typified by high amounts of dissolved silica (67.4 ± 17.7 μmol l^-1) linked with monsoon influx, the harbour waters revealed abnormal levels of phosphate (40.9 ± 9.2 μmol l^-1) and nitrate (15.3 ± 5.41 μmol l^{- 1}) suggestive of intense eutrophication, caused by the discharge of fertilizer-factory waste and domestic sewage. On the basis of routines (e.g. BVSTEP, SIMPER) implemented in Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research, it was possible to demonstrate that while species such as Oithona rigida, Oithona brevicornis, crustacean nauplii, gastropod veligers, Acartia spinicauda, and Acartia centrura played a key role in discriminating the zooplankton assemblage in the estuary, Acrocalanus spp. (mainly Acrocalanus gracilis) played a keyed role in harbour waters. Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed species-environment relationships; for example, while the distribution of Oithona spp. and its associates in the estuary corresponded intimately with high silicate, temperature, and low salinity, it was high salinity, phosphate, and nitrate in the harbour channel that supported a different assemblage of copepods dominated by calanoids.     

Formation and Evolution of Ancient Lakes on South Coast Plain of Laizhou Bay

Abstract

Based on the data of historical geography, the analysis of the stratigraphic section, and the textual research of place names and satellite photographic interpretations, the authors study the formation and evolution of ancient lakes on the south coast plain of Laizhou Bay where there were once three lakes: Judian Lake, Qingshuibo Lake and Biehua Lake. All the lakes formed 6000 years ago evolved from the lagoons near the estuary and went through two periods, the golden age in the Middle Holocene and the shrinking age in the Late Holocene. The disappearance of the lakes resulted from the drying climate, the migration of the river courses and the activities of human beings. Among the three reasons, the migration of the river courses is the main one.     

郯庐断裂带皖东段与滁河断裂构造及地震活动相关性研究

郯庐断裂带皖东段与滁河断裂所处区域 ,深、浅部构造特征及动力学环境相似 ,浅层构造均为断陷盆地 ,深部构造均为地幔异常区 ,浅层构造与深部构造之间呈镜象对应关系 ,说明两者构造具有成因上的联系。在郯庐断裂带皖东段与滁河断裂上 ,现代地震活动在时间和空间上具有明显的周期性、丛集性、迁移性及相关性 ,主要表现在 :每当郯庐断裂带皖东段地震活跃幕中主要地震丛 (ML≥ 3.0 )发生前后 13年 ,相应在滁河断裂带上也会发生类似级别的地震。     

贡嘎山东坡土壤重金属质量比的初步分析及风险评价

对贡嘎山东坡土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg和As的质量比进行测定,用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其进行风险评价。结果表明:研究区表层土壤中Hg、Pb和As质量比低于国家一级标准,属未污染等级,Cd、Cr和Ni质量比存在不同程度的超标现象,土壤被污染;Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg、As的单因子污染指数分别为1.88、0.87、1.15、1.06、0.45、0.26,对土壤的污染程度从大到小依次为Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Hg、As;内梅罗综合污染指数PN为0.92～4.89,都属于不安全级别,其中22.2%的土壤属尚清洁等级,66.7%的土壤属轻度污染,11.1%的土壤属严重污染。     

石油企业中东突发公共事件应急管理三阶段模式设计

深入海外石油市场进行境外石油的勘探、开发、加工与利用成为解决能源供需矛盾的主要手段。中东市场与国内环境差异较大,诸多因素容易引发公共事件。以三阶段模式:事件预防、事中控制及事后恢复对中东环境分析,从四方面对突发事件进行控制,为事后恢复、降低突发共公事件的衍生性、波动性奠定基础,并结合中国石化胜利油田EPC实例,分析得出突发公共事件应急管理的性质和三阶段模式对我国石油企业在中东生存和发展的意义。     

Community Perspectives and Conservation Needs for Dugongs (Dugong dugon) Along the Andaman Coast of Thailand

The dugong is classified as vulnerable to extinction by the World Conservation Union on the basis of declines in area or extent of occupancy, habitat quality, and actual or potential levels of exploitation. In Thailand, the largest groups of dugongs are found near islands off the Andaman coast. The authors conducted a 2-year project that included dugong population and habitat assessment as well as interviews with local fishers. The results indicate declining populations of dugongs. The largest threat to dugongs is incidental catch in fishing nets. The numbers of deaths reported place the dugong population along the Andaman Sea in danger of extirpation. Other threats include seagrass destruction both from fishing and coastal development and the use of dugong parts for medicinal purposes. Villagers still show strong ties with dugongs, and the majority favor establishing more large protected areas for the species. These should arise from an integrated national dugong and seagrass conservation strategy formulated by concerned stakeholders from government, nongovernmental organizations, scientists, and local communities. The strategy needs to be both top down and bottom up in its formation to balance existing and potential uses as well as conflicts between artisanal and commercial fishers. The strategy should include the development of educational materials and enforceable regulations, as well as the designation of community-protected seagrass beds and a system of dugong sanctuaries along the Andaman coast. An integrated management plan is needed urgently, with the continued input of concerned scientists, to monitor and increase knowledge of dugong behavior and distribution.